John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute

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John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute, KT, FRS (10 August 1793 – 18 March 1848), styled Lord Mount Stuart between 1794 and 1814, was a wealthy aristocrat and industrialist in Georgian and early Victorian Britain. He developed the coal and iron industries across South Wales and built the Cardiff Docks.

Bute's father, John, Lord Mount Stuart, died a few months after he was born and as a young child he was brought up first by his mother, the former Lady Elizabeth McDougall-Crichton, and later by his paternal grandfather, John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute. He travelled widely across Europe, before attending Cambridge University. He contracted an eye condition and remained partially sighted for the rest of his life. Having inherited large estates across Britain, he married his first wife, Lady Maria North, in 1818, and together they lived a relatively secluded life in Mount Stuart House in Scotland, one of Bute's four seats. Bute was dour but industrious, with a flair for land management. He focused his daily routine around extensive correspondence with his estate managers, making biannual tours of his lands around the country. The couple did not conceive any children, and Maria died in 1841. Bute remarried four years later, to Lady Sophia Rawdon-Hastings, and she gave birth to Bute's only child, John, in 1847.

Bute was a member of the House of Lords and controlled the votes of several members of the House of Commons. He was a political and religious conservative, a follower of the Duke of Wellington, but rarely took part in national debates unless his own commercial interests were involved. Early on, Bute realised the vast wealth that lay in the South Wales coalfields and set about commercially exploiting them through local ironmasters and colliers. He constructed the Cardiff Docks, a major project which, despite running heavily over budget, enabled further exports of iron and coal and magnified the value of his lands in Glamorganshire. When violence broke out in the Merthyr Rising of 1831, Bute led the government response from Cardiff Castle, despatching military forces, deploying spies and keeping Whitehall informed throughout. The contemporary press praised the marquess as "the creator of modern Cardiff", and on his death he left vast wealth to his son.

The Peerage #23864

John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of the County of Bute

• Born on 10 August 1793.
• Son of John Stuart, Viscount Mount Stuart and Lady Elizabeth Penelope MacDowall-Crichton.
• Married, firstly, - Lady Maria North, daughter of George Augustus North, 3rd Earl of Guilford and Lady Maria Frances Mary Hobart, on 29 July 1818 at St. George's Church, St. George Street, Hanover Square, London,
• Married, secondly, - Lady Sophia Frederica Christina Rawdon-Hastings, daughter of Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings and Flora Campbell, 6th Countess of Loudoun, on 10 April 1845 at Loudoun Castle, Ayrshire, Scotland.
• Died on 18 March 1848 at age 54 at Cardiff Castle, Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales, from heart disease.
  
• Buried on 23 March 1848 at Kirtling, Cambridgeshire, England.
• Will was proven (by probate) in April 1848.
• Given the name of John Stuart at birth. On 26 August 1805
• His name was legally changed to John Crichton-Stuart by Royal Licence on 26 Aug 1805.
• Educated between 1806 and 1810 at Eton College, Windsor, Berkshire, England.
• Graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, in 1812 with a Master of Arts (M.A.).
• Held the office of Hereditary Keeper of Rothsay Castle in 1814.
• Succeeded to the title of

• 2nd Viscount Mountjoy, of the Isle of Wight [G.B., 1796] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 7th Baronet Stuart, of Bute [N.S., 1627] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 2nd Earl of Windsor [G.B., 1796] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 3rd Baron of Mount Stuart of Wortley, co. York [G.B., 1761] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 14th Lord Crichton of Sanquhar [S., 1488] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 5th Lord Mountstuart, Cumra and Inchmarnock [S., 1703] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 7th Earl of Dumfries [S., 1633] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 2nd Marquess of the County of Bute [G.B., 1796] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 7th Viscount of Air [S., 1633] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 7th Lord Crichton of Sanquhar and Cumnock [S., 1633] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 7th Viscount of Air [S., 1622] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 5th Earl of Bute [S., 1703] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 5th Viscount Kingarth [S., 1703] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 2nd Baron Cardiff of Cardiff Castle [G.B., 1776] on 16 November 1814.
  
• 7th Lord of Sanquhar [S., 1622] on 16 November 1814.1
  

• Held the office of

• Lord-Lieutenant of Bute between 1815 and 1848.
  
• Lord-Lieutenant of Glamorganshire between 1815 and 1848.
  
• Recorder of Banbury.
  

• Awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Laws (D.C.L.) by Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, on 10 June 1834.

• Awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Law (LL.D.) by Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, on 6 July 1835.
  

• Invested as a Fellow, Society of Antiquaries (F.S.A.) on 24 May 1838.
• Invested as a Knight, Order of the Thistle (K.T.) in 1843.

He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.7

Child of John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of the County of Bute and Lady Sophia Frederica Christina Rawdon-Hastings

• John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of the County of Bute b. 12 Sep 1847, d. 9 Oct 1900

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Bute's father, John, Lord Mount Stuart, died a few months after he was born and as a young child he was brought up first by his mother, the former Lady Elizabeth McDougall-Crichton, and later by his paternal grandfather, John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute. He travelled widely across Europe, before attending Cambridge University. He contracted an eye condition and remained partially sighted for the rest of his life. Having inherited large estates across Britain, he married his first wife, Lady Maria North, in 1818, and together they lived a relatively secluded life in Mount Stuart House in Scotland, one of Bute's four seats. Bute was dour but industrious, with a flair for land management. He focused his daily routine around extensive correspondence with his estate managers, making biannual tours of his lands around the country. The couple did not conceive any children, and Maria died in 1841. Bute remarried four years later, to Lady Sophia Rawdon-Hastings, and she gave birth to Bute's only child, John, in 1847.

Bute was a member of the House of Lords and controlled the votes of several members of the House of Commons. He was a political and religious conservative, a follower of the Duke of Wellington, but rarely took part in national debates unless his own commercial interests were involved. Early on, Bute realised the vast wealth that lay in the South Wales coalfields and set about commercially exploiting them through local ironmasters and colliers. He constructed the Cardiff Docks, a major project which, despite running heavily over budget, enabled further exports of iron and coal and magnified the value of his lands in Glamorganshire. When violence broke out in the Merthyr Rising of 1831, Bute led the government response from Cardiff Castle, despatching military forces, deploying spies and keeping Whitehall informed throughout. The contemporary press praised the marquess as "the creator of modern Cardiff", and on his death he left vast wealth to his son. The Peerage #23864

John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of the County of Bute

Born on 10 August 1793. Son of John Stuart, Viscount Mount Stuart and Lady Elizabeth Penelope MacDowall-Crichton. Married, firstly, - Lady Maria North, daughter of George Augustus North, 3rd Earl of Guilford and Lady Maria Frances Mary Hobart, on 29 July 1818 at St. George's Church, St. George Street, Hanover Square, London, Married, secondly, - Lady Sophia Frederica Christina Rawdon-Hastings, daughter of Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings and Flora Campbell, 6th Countess of Loudoun, on 10 April 1845 at Loudoun Castle, Ayrshire, Scotland. Died on 18 March 1848 at age 54 at Cardiff Castle, Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales, from heart disease. Buried on 23 March 1848 at Kirtling, Cambridgeshire, England. Will was proven (by probate) in April 1848. Given the name of John Stuart at birth. On 26 August 1805 His name was legally changed to John Crichton-Stuart by Royal Licence on 26 Aug 1805. Educated between 1806 and 1810 at Eton College, Windsor, Berkshire, England. Graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, in 1812 with a Master of Arts (M.A.). Held the office of Hereditary Keeper of Rothsay Castle in 1814. Succeeded to the title of 2nd Viscount Mountjoy, of the Isle of Wight [G.B., 1796] on 16 November 1814. 7th Baronet Stuart, of Bute [N.S., 1627] on 16 November 1814. 2nd Earl of Windsor [G.B., 1796] on 16 November 1814. 3rd Baron of Mount Stuart of Wortley, co. York [G.B., 1761] on 16 November 1814. 14th Lord Crichton of Sanquhar [S., 1488] on 16 November 1814. 5th Lord Mountstuart, Cumra and Inchmarnock [S., 1703] on 16 November 1814. 7th Earl of Dumfries [S., 1633] on 16 November 1814. 2nd Marquess of the County of Bute [G.B., 1796] on 16 November 1814. 7th Viscount of Air [S., 1633] on 16 November 1814. 7th Lord Crichton of Sanquhar and Cumnock [S., 1633] on 16 November 1814. 7th Viscount of Air [S., 1622] on 16 November 1814. 5th Earl of Bute [S., 1703] on 16 November 1814. 5th Viscount Kingarth [S., 1703] on 16 November 1814. 2nd Baron Cardiff of Cardiff Castle [G.B., 1776] on 16 November 1814. 7th Lord of Sanquhar [S., 1622] on 16 November 1814.1