Walter Adolph Georg Gropius was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School who, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.

Born in Berlin, Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber. Gropius married Alma Mahler (1879-1964), widow of Gustav Mahler. Walter and Alma's daughter, named Manon after Walter's mother, was born in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age eighteen, composer Alban Berg wrote his Violin Concerto in memory of her (it is inscribed "to the memory of an angel"). Gropius and Alma divorced in 1920. (Alma had by that time established a relationship with Franz Werfel, whom she later married.) In 1923 Gropius married Ise (Ilse) Frank (d. 1983), and they remained together until his death. They adopted Beate Gropius, also known as Ati.

Walter Gropius, like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect. Gropius could not draw, and was dependent on collaborators and partner-interpreters throughout his career. In school he hired an assistant to complete his homework for him. In 1908 Gropius found employment with the firm of Peter Behrens, one of the first members of the utilitarian school. His fellow employees at this time included Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Dietrich Marcks.

In 1910 Gropius left the firm of Behrens and together with fellow employee Adolf Meyer established a practice in Berlin. Together they share credit for one of the seminal modernist buildings created during this period: the Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, a shoe last factory. Although Gropius and Meyer only designed the facade, the glass curtain walls of this building demonstrated both the modernist principle that form reflects function and Gropius's concern with providing healthful conditions for the working class. Other works of this early period include the office and factory building for the Werkbund Exhibition (1914) in Cologne.

In 1913, Gropius published an article about "The Development of Industrial Buildings," which included about a dozen photographs of factories and grain elevators in North America. A very influential text, this article had a strong influence on other European modernists, including Le Corbusier and Erich Mendelsohn, both of whom reprinted Gropius's grain elevator pictures between 1920 and 1930.

Gropius's career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Called up immediately as a reservist, Gropius served as a sergeant major at the Western front during the war years, and was wounded and almost killed.

Gropius's career advanced in the postwar period. Henry van de Velde, the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him led eventually to Gropius's appointment as master of the school in 1919. It was this academy which Gropius transformed into the world famous Bauhaus, attracting a faculty that included Paul Klee, Johannes Itten, Josef Albers, Herbert Bayer, László Moholy-Nagy, Otto Bartning and Wassily Kandinsky. Students were taught to use modern and innovative materials and mass-produced fittings, often originally intended for industrial settings, to create original furniture and buildings. One example was the armchair F 51, designed for the Bauhaus's directors room in 1920 - nowadays a re-edition in the market, manufactured by the German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde.

In 1919, Gropius was involved in the Glass Chain utopian expressionist correspondence under the pseudonym "Mass." Usually more notable for his functionalist approach, the "Monument to the March Dead," designed in 1919 and executed in 1920, indicates that expressionism was an influence on him at that time.

In 1923, Gropius, aided by Gareth Steele, designed his famous door handles, now considered an icon of 20th-century design and often listed as one of the most influential designs to emerge from Bauhaus. He also designed large-scale housing projects in Berlin, Karlsruhe and Dessau in 1926-32 that were major contributions to the New Objectivity movement, including a contribution to the Siemensstadt project in Berlin.

With the help of the English architect Maxwell Fry, Gropius was able to leave Nazi Germany in 1934, on the pretext of making a temporary visit to Britain. He lived and worked in Britain, as part of the Isokon group with Fry and others and then, in 1937, moved on to the United States. The house he built for himself in Lincoln, Massachusetts, was influential in bringing International Modernism to the US but Gropius disliked the term: "I made it a point to absorb into my own conception those features of the New England architectural tradition that I found still alive and adequate".

Gropius and his Bauhaus protégé Marcel Breuer both moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and collaborate on the company-town Aluminum City Terrace project in New Kensington, Pennsylvania, before their professional split. In 1944, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

In 1945, Gropius founded The Architects' Collaborative (TAC) based in Cambridge with a group of younger architects. The original partners included Norman C. Fletcher, Jean B. Fletcher, John C. Harkness, Sarah P. Harkness, Robert S. MacMillan, Louis A. MacMillen, and Benjamin C. Thompson. TAC would become one of the most well-known and respected architectural firms in the world. TAC went bankrupt in 1995.

Gropius died in 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, aged 86. Today, he is remembered not only by his various buildings but also by the district of Gropiusstadt in Berlin.

In the early 1990s, a series of books entitled The Walter Gropius Archive was published covering his entire architectural career.

Important buildings

Gropius House (1938) in Lincoln, Massachusetts

1910–1911 the Fagus Factory, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany

1914 Office and Factory Buildings at the Werkbund Exhibition, 1914, Cologne, Germany

1921 Sommerfeld House, Berlin, Germany designed for Adolf Sommerfeld

1922 competition entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower competition

1925–1932 Bauhaus School and Faculty, Housin, Dessau, Germany

1936 Village College, Impington, Cambridge, England

1937 The Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA

1942–1944 Aluminum City Terrace housing project, New Kensington, Pennsylvania, USA

1949–1950 Harvard Graduate Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (The Architects' Collaborative)

1945–1959 Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA - Master planned 37-acre site and led the design for at least 8 of the approx. 28 buildings.

1957–1960 University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

1963–1966 John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

1948 Peter Thacher Junior High School,

1958–1963 Pan Am Building (now the Metlife Building), New York, with Pietro Belluschi and project architects Emery Roth & Sons

1957 Interbau Apartment blocks, Hansaviertel, Berlin, Germany, with The Architects' Collaborative and Wils Ebert

1960 Temple Oheb Shalom (Baltimore, Maryland)

1961 The award-winning Wayland High School, Wayland, Massachusetts, USA

1959–1961 Embassy of the United States, Athens, Greece (The Architects' Collaborative and consulting architect Pericles A. Sakellarios)

1967– 69 Tower East Shaker Heights, Ohio, this was Gropius' last major project.

The building in Niederkirchnerstraße, Berlin, known as the Gropius-Haus is named for Gropius' great-uncle, Martin Gropius, and is not associated with Bauhaus.

ולטר גרופיוס

'

לידה 18 במאי 1883 ברלין, הקיסרות הגרמנית פטירה 5 ביולי 1969 (בגיל 86) בוסטון, ארצות הברית ם שם לידה Walter Adolf Georg Gropius תחום יצירה אדריכלות זרם באמנות באוהאוס, הסגנון הבינלאומי השפיע על Anne Tyng, Erik Schmidt-Schaller, William J Conklin, ג'יימס רוסאנט עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים פרסים והוקרה צלב אביר המפקד של מסדר הכבוד של הרפובליקה הפדרלית של גרמניה מדליית הזהב המלכותית (1956) פרס גתה (1961) מדליית ארנסט רויטר (1957) מדליית אלברט (1961) בית הספר "באוהאוס" בתכנונו ובהנהלתו של גרופיוס ולטר אדולף גאורג גרופיוס (גרמנית: Walter Adolph Georg Gropius; ‏18 במאי 1883 - 5 ביולי 1969) היה אדריכל גרמני, מייסד בית הספר הבאוהאוס לעיצוב ובניה ומחלוצי הסגנון הבינלאומי.

חייו ולטר גרופיוס נולד בברלין ב-1883, למד ארכיטקטורה במינכן ובברלין. ניהל את משרדו של פטר ברנס במשך 3 שנים, שבמהלכן שימש כאדריכל ומעצב ראשי בחברת AEG. הקים משרד ארכיטקטורה עם אדולף מאייר הוסיף אגף חדש לבית החרושת "פגוס", בית חרושת לנעלים באלפלד, גרמניה. גרופיוס העניק לבית החרושת חזות חדישה שהפכה אותו לחלוץ בתפיסת העיצוב.

לאחר מלחמת העולם הראשונה התבקש גרופיוס לעזור לשיקום גרמניה, הוא ייסד את הבאוהאוס, בית הספר הגבוה לאדריכלות, עיצוב ואומנות. גרופיוס איחד שני בתי ספר: האחד, בית הספר למלאכת מחשבת ועיצוב והשני בית הספר לאומנות. בהתאם למטרתו להדגיש את צורכי האדם, נוצר סגנון ארכיטקטוני עיצובי של הבאוהאוס. סגנון נקי, פשוט, שימוש מרובה בקווים ישרים וצורות בסיסיות. זאת על מנת להקל על השימוש ועל ייצור האובייקטים.

גרופיוס נישא לאלמה שינדלר לאחר מותו של בעלה גוסטב מאהלר ולהם נולדה בת ב-1916 ששמה מאנון. כשמאנון נפטרה מפוליו בגיל 18, המלחין אלבן ברג כתב את הקונצ'רטו לכינור ("לזכרו של מלאך") לזכרה. נישואיו של גרופיוס עם אלמה לא האריכו ימים. מאוחר יותר נישאה אלמה לפרנץ ורפל. גרופיוס ואלמה נזכרים בשירו של תום להרר "אלמה".

הנאצים בזו לסגנון הבאוהאוס וכינו אותו בשם הגנאי "כנסייה מרקסיסטית". בעקבות עליית הנאצים לשלטון בגרמניה ב-1933 החליט גרופיוס להגר מגרמניה בשנת 1934. הוא עבר לחיות ולעבוד בבריטניה, בפרויקט איסוקון, וב-1937 לארצות הברית. בביתו שבלינקולן שבמסצ'וסטס השפיע רבות להבאת הסגנון הבינלאומי לארצות הברית. גרופיוס ותלמידו מרקל ברואר באו לקיימברידג', מסצ'וסטס כדי ללמד בבית ספר לעיצוב ושיתפו פעולה עד הפילוג המקצועי ביניהם ב-1941. ב-1944 התאזרח גרופיוס בארצות הברית.

ב-1945 ייסד גרופיוס בשיתוף עם קבוצת אדריכלים צעירים את TAC שהפכה לידועה מאוד עם השנים.

גרופיוס נפטר ב-1969 בבוסטון, מסצ'וסטס בגיל 86.

קישורים חיצוניים ויקישיתוף מדיה וקבצים בנושא ולטר גרופיוס בוויקישיתוף פיונה מקארתי, גרדיאן, תערוכה שנפתחה בלונדון חוזרת אל תור הזהב של הבאוהאוס , באתר הארץ, 29 ביוני 2012 :
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A8...

------------------------------------------------

Walter Adolph Georg Gropius was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus School who, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture.

Born in Berlin, Walter Gropius was the third child of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber. Gropius married Alma Mahler (1879-1964), widow of Gustav Mahler. Walter and Alma's daughter, named Manon after Walter's mother, was born in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age eighteen, composer Alban Berg wrote his Violin Concerto in memory of her (it is inscribed "to the memory of an angel"). Gropius and Alma divorced in 1920. (Alma had by that time established a relationship with Franz Werfel, whom she later married.) In 1923 Gropius married Ise (Ilse) Frank (d. 1983), and they remained together until his death. They adopted Beate Gropius, also known as Ati.

Walter Gropius, like his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect. Gropius could not draw, and was dependent on collaborators and partner-interpreters throughout his career. In school he hired an assistant to complete his homework for him. In 1908 Gropius found employment with the firm of Peter Behrens, one of the first members of the utilitarian school. His fellow employees at this time included Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Dietrich Marcks.

In 1910 Gropius left the firm of Behrens and together with fellow employee Adolf Meyer established a practice in Berlin. Together they share credit for one of the seminal modernist buildings created during this period: the Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, a shoe last factory. Although Gropius and Meyer only designed the facade, the glass curtain walls of this building demonstrated both the modernist principle that form reflects function and Gropius's concern with providing healthful conditions for the working class. Other works of this early period include the office and factory building for the Werkbund Exhibition (1914) in Cologne.

In 1913, Gropius published an article about "The Development of Industrial Buildings," which included about a dozen photographs of factories and grain elevators in North America. A very influential text, this article had a strong influence on other European modernists, including Le Corbusier and Erich Mendelsohn, both of whom reprinted Gropius's grain elevator pictures between 1920 and 1930.

Gropius's career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Called up immediately as a reservist, Gropius served as a sergeant major at the Western front during the war years, and was wounded and almost killed.

Gropius's career advanced in the postwar period. Henry van de Velde, the master of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. His recommendation for Gropius to succeed him led eventually to Gropius's appointment as master of the school in 1919. It was this academy which Gropius transformed into the world famous Bauhaus, attracting a faculty that included Paul Klee, Johannes Itten, Josef Albers, Herbert Bayer, László Moholy-Nagy, Otto Bartning and Wassily Kandinsky. Students were taught to use modern and innovative materials and mass-produced fittings, often originally intended for industrial settings, to create original furniture and buildings. One example was the armchair F 51, designed for the Bauhaus's directors room in 1920 - nowadays a re-edition in the market, manufactured by the German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde.

In 1919, Gropius was involved in the Glass Chain utopian expressionist correspondence under the pseudonym "Mass." Usually more notable for his functionalist approach, the "Monument to the March Dead," designed in 1919 and executed in 1920, indicates that expressionism was an influence on him at that time.

In 1923, Gropius, aided by Gareth Steele, designed his famous door handles, now considered an icon of 20th-century design and often listed as one of the most influential designs to emerge from Bauhaus. He also designed large-scale housing projects in Berlin, Karlsruhe and Dessau in 1926-32 that were major contributions to the New Objectivity movement, including a contribution to the Siemensstadt project in Berlin.

With the help of the English architect Maxwell Fry, Gropius was able to leave Nazi Germany in 1934, on the pretext of making a temporary visit to Britain. He lived and worked in Britain, as part of the Isokon group with Fry and others and then, in 1937, moved on to the United States. The house he built for himself in Lincoln, Massachusetts, was influential in bringing International Modernism to the US but Gropius disliked the term: "I made it a point to absorb into my own conception those features of the New England architectural tradition that I found still alive and adequate".

Gropius and his Bauhaus protégé Marcel Breuer both moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and collaborate on the company-town Aluminum City Terrace project in New Kensington, Pennsylvania, before their professional split. In 1944, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

In 1945, Gropius founded The Architects' Collaborative (TAC) based in Cambridge with a group of younger architects. The original partners included Norman C. Fletcher, Jean B. Fletcher, John C. Harkness, Sarah P. Harkness, Robert S. MacMillan, Louis A. MacMillen, and Benjamin C. Thompson. TAC would become one of the most well-known and respected architectural firms in the world. TAC went bankrupt in 1995.

Gropius died in 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, aged 86. Today, he is remembered not only by his various buildings but also by the district of Gropiusstadt in Berlin.

In the early 1990s, a series of books entitled The Walter Gropius Archive was published covering his entire architectural career.

Important buildings

Gropius House (1938) in Lincoln, Massachusetts

1910–1911 the Fagus Factory, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany

1914 Office and Factory Buildings at the Werkbund Exhibition, 1914, Cologne, Germany

1921 Sommerfeld House, Berlin, Germany designed for Adolf Sommerfeld

1922 competition entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower competition

1925–1932 Bauhaus School and Faculty, Housin, Dessau, Germany

1936 Village College, Impington, Cambridge, England

1937 The Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA

1942–1944 Aluminum City Terrace housing project, New Kensington, Pennsylvania, USA

1949–1950 Harvard Graduate Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (The Architects' Collaborative)

1945–1959 Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA - Master planned 37-acre site and led the design for at least 8 of the approx. 28 buildings.

1957–1960 University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

1963–1966 John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

1948 Peter Thacher Junior High School,

1958–1963 Pan Am Building (now the Metlife Building), New York, with Pietro Belluschi and project architects Emery Roth & Sons

1957 Interbau Apartment blocks, Hansaviertel, Berlin, Germany, with The Architects' Collaborative and Wils Ebert

1960 Temple Oheb Shalom (Baltimore, Maryland)

1961 The award-winning Wayland High School, Wayland, Massachusetts, USA

1959–1961 Embassy of the United States, Athens, Greece (The Architects' Collaborative and consulting architect Pericles A. Sakellarios)

1967– 69 Tower East Shaker Heights, Ohio, this was Gropius' last major project.

The building in Niederkirchnerstraße, Berlin, known as the Gropius-Haus is named for Gropius' great-uncle, Martin Gropius, and is not associated with Bauhaus.