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WEIMAR

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Dessau, Dix, Ebert, Ehrenberg and 16 others
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Profiles

  •
    Lotte Lenya (1898 - 1981)
    1898 - Link to Baptismal Record: Born on October 18, 1898, baptized on October 24, 1898; Address: Linzer Strasse 87, Penzig, Vienna, Austria. Name on baptismal record: Karoline Wilhelmine [BLAMAUER] ; ...
  • Gustav Ernst Stresemann, Nobel Peace Prize, 1926 (1878 - 1929)
    Gustav Stresemann (10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor in 1923 (for a brief period of 102 days) and Foreign Minister 1923–1929, during the Weima...
  • Rudolf Ehrenberg (1884 - 1969)
    Rudolf Ehrenberg was a professor of medicine.Rudolf Ehrenberg (* 19. November 1884 in Rostock; † 13. Mai 1969 in Göttingen) war ein deutscher Biologe und Physiologe. Sein Lebenswerk umfasst zwei Gebiet...
  • Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901 - 1976)
    Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century. He is best known as a founder of quantum mechanics, the new physics of the atomic worl...
  • Arnold Schoenberg (1874 - 1951)
    Schoenberg (pronounced [%CB%88a%CB%90%C9%90%CC%AFn%C9%94lt ˈʃøːnbɛɐ̯k]; 13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, ...

Weimarer Republik / Deutsche Republik / Deutsches Reich

9 November 1918 ~ 1933 March 23

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foto : ....???

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sources‧internet‧documentation‧etceteraaa
  • ...supplements welcome!

The WEIMAR Republic ☓ The GERMAN Reich

The WEIMAR Republic, officially known as the 'Deutsches Reich'. is a term introduced by Adolf HITLER in 1929. It is not commonly used until the 1930s. Between 1919 and 1933, no single name for the new state gained widespread acceptance, thus the old name was officially retained, although hardly anyone used it during the WEIMAR period.

To the right of the spectrum, the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model and were appalled to see the honour of the traditional word Reich associated with it. Zentrum, the Catholic Centre Party, favoured the term 'Deutscher Volksstaat' = German People's State. On he moderate left Chancellor [Friedrich Ebert Friedrich EBERT['s Social Democratic Party of Germany preferred 'Deutsche Republik' = German Republic.

By the mid-1920s, most Germans referred to their government informally as the 'Deutsche Republik', but for many, especially on the right, the word "Republik" was a painful reminder of a government structure that they believed had been imposed by foreign statesmen and of the expulsion of Kaiser WILHELM in the wake of a massive national humiliation.

The first recorded mention of the term 'Republik von WEIMAR' = Republic of WEIMAR, came during a speech delivered by Adolf HITLER at a Nazi Party rally in Munich on 24 February 1929. A few weeks later, the term 'Weimarer Republik' was first used again by HITLER in a newspaper article. Only during the 1930s did the term become mainstream, both within and outside Germany.

LGBTQ+ people in Weimar

There was a flourishing equivalent of what we would now refer to as an LGBTQ+ scene in Weimar Germany in the 1920s and early 1930s. This included more than 100 gay and lesbian bars and cafes, songs and films, and Magnus HIRSCHFELD’s 'Institut für Sexual-wissenschaft' = the Institute for Sexual Science. which contained thousands of books and journals on sexuality and gender.

Berlin’s 400 or so bars were divided in tourist guidebooks according to a strict taxonomy of desire. Flush heterosexuals might choose the Kakadu, with Polynesian-style décor and caged parrots hanging over each table; when patrons wished to leave, they could tap their glasses and the bird would squawk loudly for the check. Gay men would descend on the Karls-Lounge, where the waiters and “Line Boys” all wore neat sailor’s outfits. Lesbians liked Mali and Ingel, where guests were obliged to dance with the randy owners, or the Café Olala, where some customers liked to dress in Salvation Army outfits. Male cross-dressers went to the Silhouette, female cross-dressers to the Mikado, and everyone the entire sexual spectrum over blurred at the Eldorado, where one dancer, when quizzed by a slumming grand dame as to gender, replied in a haughty voice: “I am whatever sex you wish me to be, Madame.”

NOBLE-prize winners from Weimar

Leaders - Chancellors - Presidents - Politicians

The Weimar constitution

The national assembly met in Weimar on February 6, 1919. Ebert’s opening speech underlined the breach with the past and urged the Allies not to cripple the young republic by the demands imposed on it. On February 11 the assembly elected EBERT president of the Reich, and on February 12 SCHEIDEMANN formerd a ministry with the Centre Party and the German Democratic Party (DDP).

The principal task of the assembly was to provide a new constitution, which was promulgated on August 11, 1919. The government’s draft had been drawn up by Hugo Preuss, of the Democratic Party. Preuss, however, was not able to secure a unitary Reich in which Prussia would have been broken up and the old states (Länder) abolished in favour of a new division by provinces. The republic, like the empire that it replaced, was to have a federal basis. The powers of the Reich, however, were considerably strengthened, and it was now given overriding control of all taxation. National laws were to supersede the laws of the states, and the Reich government was given the power to supervise the enforcement of the national laws by the local authorities. Under the umbrella of the republic there were 17 Länder in all, ranging from Prussia, with a population (in 1925) of 38,000,000, and Bavaria, with 7,000,000, to Schaumburg-Lippe, with 48,000. The only new Land was Thuringia, formed in 1919 from the amalgamation of seven small principalities.

The Reichstag, elected for a four-year term, was the central legislative body under the Constitution of the Weimar Republic. Its main functions were legislation, including approval of the budget, and scrutiny of the Reich Government. It organised its work by means of a system of permanent committees. The Chancellor was not elected by Parliament but appointed by the President of the Reich. In the exercise of his office the Chancellor depended on the confidence of the Reichstag. The President of the Reich, directly elected by the people, was vested with extensive powers by the Weimar Constitution so that he would be a counterweight to the Reichstag. Among his powers as head of state were the right to dissolve the Reichstag and the authority, in the event of public safety being endangered, to declare a state of emergency and enact emergency decrees, which had the status of laws. At the very start of the Weimar Republic, the first-past-the-post election system was replaced by proportional representation, and for the first time women were granted the right to vote and to stand as candidates. The voting age, moreover, was lowered from 25 to 20.

Following the break-up of the last Grand Coalition in the summer of 1930, governments of the Reich were no longer formed by Parliament but were based on what were known as presidential cabinets. Without a parliamentary majority of their own, they essentially governed with the aid of the President of the Reich, who enacted decrees under the emergency powers granted him by Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution; this marked the start of a creeping process of constitutional change to the detriment of the Reichstag. While the first Chancellor of such a presidential cabinet, Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party, who held office from 1930 to 1932, still felt committed to democracy, his non-attached successors, Franz von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher, who took office in June 1932 and December 1932 respectively, openly pursued policies designed to put an end to the Weimar Republic. President Paul von Hindenburg, who had been in office since 1925, appointed Adolf Hitler on 30 January 1933 to head another presidential cabinet, whose members were drawn from the NSDAP and the DNVP. By taking this decision, he dealt the final death blow to the sorely beleaguered parliamentary democracy of the Weimar Republic.

Presidents
Chancellors
  • 1919-1919 : Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann 13 February 1919 – 20 June 1919
  • 1919-1920 : Gustav BAUER 21 June 1919 – 26 March 1920
  • 1920-1920 : Hermann MÜLLER 27 March 1920 – 21 June 1920
  • 1920-1921 : Constantin FEHRENBACH 25 June 1920 – 4 May 1921
  • 1921-1922 : Joseph WIRTH 10 May 1921 – 14 November 1922
  • 1922-1923 : Wilhelm CUNO 22 November 1922 – 12 August 1923
  • 1923-1923 : Gustav STRESEMANN 13 August 1923 – 30 November 1923
  • 1923-1925 : Wilhelm MARX 30 November 1923 – 15 January 1925
  • 1925-1926 : Hans LUTHER 15 January 1925 – 12 May 1926
  • 1926-1928 : Wilhelm MARX 17 May 1926 – 12 June 1928
  • 1928-1930 : Hermann MÜLLER 28 June 1928 – 27 March 1930
  • 1930-1932 : Heinrich BRÜNING 30 March 1930 – 30 May 1932
  • 1933-anno : Adolf Hitler Appointed 30 January 1933
Science
Arts
Writing
  • Bertolt Brecht
  • Alfred Döblin,
  • Erich Maria Remarque
  • Heinrich Mann
  • Thomas Mann
  • Hermann Hesse
  • Klaus Mann
  • Anna Elisabet Weirauch
  • Christa Winsloe
  • Erich Ebermayer
  • Max René Hesse
Music - Singing
Architecture - Design - Film
  • Walter Adolf Georg Gropius
  • Paul Klee
  • Bruno Taut
  • Hans Poetzig
  • Adolf Behne
  • Otto Bartning
  • Peter Behrens
  • Hugo Häring
  • Erich Mendelsohn
  • Mies van der Rohe
  • Max Taut
  • Fritz Lang
  • Thea von Harbou
  • Gustav Fröhlich
  • Alfred Abel
  • Rudolf Klein-Rogge
  • Brigitte Helm
  • Erich Pommer
  • Fritz Rasp
  • Henrich Gotho
  • Rudolf von Laban
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Plumpe
  • Robert Wiene
  • Erich Mendelsohn

Famous and infamous

Publications

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  • 1922 : German writer Thomas MANN spoke to a group of young students and urged them to support democracy and the Weimar Republic:
    • War is romantic. No one has ever denied the mystic and poetic element residing in it. But today only the insensible would deny that it is utterly debased romanticism, an utter distortion of the poetic. To save our national feeling from falling into disrepute, to keep it from becoming a curse, we must learn to understand that a warlike and brawling spirit is not its whole content but more and more absolutely a cult of peace in accord with the mysticism and poetry in its nature.
    • I must beg you, young men, not to take this tone. I am no pacifist, of either the unctuous or the ecstatic school. Pacifism is not to my taste, whether as a soporific for the soul or as a middle-class rationalization of the good life… The side of peace is my side too, as being the side of culture, art, and thought, whereas in a war vulgarity triumphs… War is a lie, its issues are a lie; whatever honourable emotion the individual may bring to it, war itself is today stripped of all honour, and to any straight and clear-eyed vision reveals itself as the triumph of all that is brutal and vulgar in the soul of the race, as the archfoe of culture and thought, as a blood orgy of egoism, corruption, and vileness…
    • My aim, which I express quite candidly, is to win you—as far as that is needed—to the side of the republic, to the side of what is called democracy and what I call humanity… Our students, our student associations, by no means lack democratic tradition. There have been times when the national idea was at odds with the monarchical and dynastic; when they were in irreconcilable opposition. Patriotism and republic, so far from being opposed, have sometimes appeared as one and the same thing; and the cause of freedom and the fatherland had the passionate support of the noblest youth. Today the young, or at least considerable and important sections of them, seem to have sworn eternal hatred to the republic and forgotten what might have been once upon a time…
    • The republic is our fate… Freedom, so-called, is no joke, I do not say that. Its other name is responsibility; the word makes it only too clear that freedom is truly a heavy burden, most of all for the intellectual. “We are not the republic,” these patriots tell me, averting their faces. “The republic is foreign domination—insofar as weakness is only the other side of foreign power…
    • Students and citizens, your resistance to the republic and the democracy is simply a fear of words. You shy at them like restive horses; you fall into unreasoning panic at the sound of them. But they are just words: relativities, time-conditioned forms, necessary instruments; to think they must refer to some outlandish kind of foreign humbug is mere childishness. The republic—as though it were not still and always Germany! Democracy! As though one could not be more at home in that home than in any flashing and dashing and crashing empire!
  • https://alphahistory.com/weimarrepublic/thomas-mann-speaks-in-favou...

Famous things

Kabarett

Ref : Why Germany’s Weimar Republic Was a Party-Lovers Paradise

Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin - Mel Gordon

The Golden Twenties: Art and Literature in the Weimar Republic --- Jurgen Schebera (Author), Barbel Schrader (Author),

The events and people involved during that period.
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