William John Swainson, FRS, FLS

William John Swainson FLS, FRS, was an English ornithologist, malacologist, conchologist, entomologist and artist.

Swainson was born in Dover Place, St Mary Newington, London, the eldest son of John Timothy Swainson the Second (1756-1824), an original fellow of the Linnean Society. He was cousin of the amateur botanist Isaac Swainson. His father's family originated in Lancashire, and both grandfather and father held high posts in Her Majesty's Customs, the father becoming Collector at Liverpool.

William, whose formal education was curtailed because of an impediment in his speech, joined the Liverpool Customs as a junior clerk at the age of 14. He joined the Army Commissariat and toured Malta and Sicily He studied the ichthyology of western Sicily and in 1815, was forced by ill health to return to England where he subsequently retired on half pay. William followed in his father's footsteps to become a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1815.

In 1806 he accompanied the English explorer Henry Koster to Brazil. Koster had lived in Brazil for some years and had become famous for his book Travels in Brazil (1816). There he met Dr Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff, also an explorer of Brazil, and Russian Consul General. They did not spend a long time on shore because of a revolution, but Swainson returned to England in 1818 in his words "a bee loaded with honey", with a collection of over 20,000 insects, 1,200 species of plants, drawings of 120 species of fish, and about 760 bird skins.

As with many Victorian scientists, Swainson was also a member of many learned societies, including the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society after his return from Brazil on 14 December 1820, and married his first wife Mary Parkes in 1823,[4] with whom he had four sons (William John, George Frederick, Henry Gabriel and Edwin Newcombe) and a daughter (Mary Frederica). His wife Mary died in 1835.

Swainson remarried in 1840 to Ann Grasby, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1841. Their daughter, Edith Stanway Swainson, married Arthur Halcombe in 1863. Swainson was involved in property management and natural history-related publications from 1841 to 1855, and forestry-related investigations in Tasmania, New South Wales, and Victoria from 1851 to 1853. Swainson died at Fern Grove, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 6 December 1855.

Image of a colour lithograph of a Moluccan king parrot produced by Swainson in the first volume of Zoological Illustrations Swainson was at times quite critical of the works of others and, later in life, others in turn became quite critical of him.

Apart from the common and scientific names of many species, it is for the quality of his illustrations that he is best remembered. His friend William Elford Leach, head of zoology at the British Museum, encouraged him to experiment with lithography for his book Zoological Illustrations (1820–23). Swainson became the first illustrator and naturalist to use lithography, which was a relatively cheap means of reproduction and did not require an engraver. He began publishing many illustrated works, mostly serially. Subscribers received and paid for fascicles, small sections of the books, as they came out, so that the cash flow was constant and could be reinvested in the preparation of subsequent parts. As book orders arrived, the monochrome lithographs were hand-coloured, according to color reference images, known as ‘pattern plates’, which were produced by Swainson himself. It was his early adoption of this new technology and his natural skill of illustration that in large part led to his fame.

When Leach was forced to resign from the British Museum due to ill health, Swainson applied to replace him, but the post was given to John George Children. Swainson continued with his writing, the most influential of which was the second volume of Fauna Boreali-Americana (1831), which he wrote with John Richardson. This series (1829–1837) was the first illustrated zoological study to be funded in part by the British government.[9] He also produced a second series of Zoological Illustrations (1832–33), three volumes of William Jardine's Naturalist's Library, and eleven volumes of Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia; he had signed a contract with the London publishers Longman to produce fourteen illustrated volumes of 300 pages in this series, one to be produced quarterly.

In 1819 William Sharp Macleay had published his ideas of the Quinarian system of biological classification, and Swainson soon became a noted and outspoken proponent. The Quinarian System fell out of favour, giving way to the rising popularity of the geographical theory of Hugh Edwin Strickland. Swainson was overworked by Dionysius Lardner, the publisher of the Cabinet Cyclopaedia and both Swainson and Macleay were derided for their support of the Quinarian system. Both proponents left Britain; Swainson emigrated to New Zealand and Macleay to Australia. An American visiting Australasia in the 1850s heard to his surprise that both Macleay and Swainson were living there, and imagined that they had been exiled to the Antipodes

'for the great crime of burdening zoology with a false though much laboured theory which has thrown so much confusion into the subject of its classification and philosophical study'.

In 1839 he became a member of the committee of the New Zealand Company and of the Church of England committee for the appointment of a bishop to New Zealand, bought land in Wellington, and gave up scientific literary work. He married his second wife, Anne Grasby, in 1840. He was apparently the first Fellow of the Royal Society to move to New Zealand. He was later made an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Tasmania.

Together with most of his children from his first marriage, they sailed for New Zealand in the Jane, reaching Wellington, in the summer of 1841. The trip was not without incident, as the boat suffered damage en route and was in such a poor state that there was legal action on arrival. He purchased 1,100 acres in the Hutt Valley from the New Zealand Company, and established his estate of "Hawkshead". Not coincidentally, this name was shared by an ancestral home in Hawkshead, Lancashire, of the Swainson family, which was the birthplace of Isaac Swainson. After a few months, this estate was claimed by a Māori chief, Taringakuri, which led to years of uncertainty and threat. He was an officer in a militia against the Māoris in 1846. During these times he was largely dependent on his half pay.

In 1851 Swainson sailed to Sydney and he took the post of Botanical Surveyor in 1852 with the Victoria Government, after being invited by the Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe to study local trees. He finished his report in 1853 in which he claimed a grand total of 1520 species and varieties of Eucalyptidae. He identified so many species of Casuarina that he ran out of names for them.

While having quite some expertise in zoology, his untrained foray into botany was not well received. William Jackson Hooker wrote to Ferdinand von Mueller:

In my life I think I never read such a series of trash and nonsense. There is a man who left this country with the character of a first rate naturalist (though with many eccentricities) and of a very first-rate Natural History artist and he goes to Australia and takes up the subject of Botany, of which he is as ignorant as a goose.

Joseph Maiden described Swainson's efforts as

an exhibition of reckless species-making that, as far as I know stands unparalleled in the annals of botanical literature.

He had studied the flora of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania before his return to New Zealand in 1854 to live at Fern Grove in the Hutt, where he died the following year.

In 1856, a poem was written by the New Zealand poet William Golder in his memory. His standard botanical abbreviation is Swainson.

Common confusions regarding William Swainson William Swainson is frequently credited with having the genus Swainsona named after him, and specifically Sturt's Desert Pea the official floral emblem of South Australia. Although he did botanical work in this region, Swainsona is named after his cousin Isaac Swainson (1746–1812), who never travelled to this region. Common names of species named after William Swainson Many birds retain a common name after Swainson, several of which were named by famous naturalists of the period. Many species or subspecies retain his name, although many of his own species were later discredited or merged with others.

John James Audubon named Swainson's warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii Charles Lucien Bonaparte named Swainson's hawk Buteo swainsoni Thomas Nuttall named Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus Swainson's francolin Francolinus swainsonii Swainson's sparrow Passer swainsonii Swainson's antcatcher Myrmeciza longipes Swainson's fire-eye Pyriglena atra Swainson's flycatcher Myiarchus swainsoni Swainson's toucan Ramphastos swainsonii

An Eminent Author & Naturlist. Was Assistasnt Commisary General in the Army. He wasn't suited to the army life, and retired in 1815. Traveled widly in S Africa, S America Europe Sicily. Escaped the Great Plague of London, although it was bad in his area of residence, for 2 months he couldn't leave this home. Where ever he went he collect specimens, insects and botanical material. He married Mary Parkes of Wawrick in 1825, They had 5 children, in 1835 his wife died after 12 very happy years of marriage. In 1840 he immigrated to NZ with his eldest sons and his daughter.

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William Swainson and Mary Parkes had 9 children.

Sailed on the Ship "Jane" from London.Boarded 26 Nov 1840. Arv. Wellington 22 May 1841.

William John Swainson, FRS, FLS Sailed for New Zealand in the Jane, reaching Wellington, after a trying voyage, in June 1841. Swainson was a notable naturalist, an extremely skilful botanical draughtsman, and a competent artist with water colours. He was too gentle a man to be a successful colonist, and seems to have felt isolated and unhappy in New Zealand. Insecurity of all kinds, and tension between stepmother and stepdaughters in his household also contributed to making his later years sombre ones. He was survived by four sons and a daughter by his first wife, and three daughters by his second, whom he also predeceased

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Naturalist.

William Swainson was born at Newington Butts, London, on 8 October 1789, the eldest son of John Timothy Swainson and Francis, née Stanway, the second of his three wives. His father's family originated in Lancashire, and both grandfather and father held high posts in H.M. Customs, the father becoming Collector at Liverpool. William, whose formal education was curtailed because of an impediment in his speech, joined the Liverpool Customs as a junior clerk at the age of 14. But his passion for natural science led to a desire to go abroad, and in 1806 he obtained a junior post on the staff of Commissary-General Wood. In the following year Swainson went to Malta, then Sicily, with. the army of occupation. There he remained until 1814, and was able to devote much time to the study of Sicilian and Greek zoology and botany. In 1814 he studied the ichthyology of western Sicily under Baron Bivona. In 1815, after rising to the rank of Assistant Commissary-General, he was forced by ill health to return to England. Next year he retired on half pay, became a fellow of the Linnean Society, and went with Koster to Brazil. There he met Dr Langsdorff, and the party, detained by revolution, made a rich plant collection. In 1820 Swainson, now back in London, was made a fellow of the Royal Society, and began the serial publication of an important group of works on natural history, including the Zoological Illustrations and Exotic Conchology, which used new lithographic methods of colour printing.

In 1823 he married Mary, only daughter of John Parkes. When hopes of a post at the British Museum proved futile, he devoted the next 15 years to the writing, of a large number of botanical and zoological works, all illustrated by himself. But after 1835, the year in which his wife died, he gradually lost interest in that work, the more so since his speculations in Mexican silver mines proved disastrous. Disappointed once again over a post at the British Museum, Swainson turned his thoughts to New Zealand. In 1839 he became a member of the committee of the New Zealand Company and of the Church of England committee for the appointment of a bishop to New Zealand, bought land in Wellington, and gave up scientific literary work.

Swainson married again in 1840. His second wife was Anne Grasby, daughter of Joseph Grasby, of Bawtry, Yorks. Together with four of Swainson's five children by the first marriage, they sailed for New Zealand in the Jane, reaching Wellington, after a trying voyage, in June 1841. Swainson took up 300 acres at the Hutt and established his estate of “Hawkshead”. After a few months this land was claimed by Taringakuri, a Wellington chief, and for several years he was in constant dread of interference and violence. During the operations against the Maoris in 1846, he was an officer in the militia in charge of a body of friendly natives. In 1852, in partnership with his son-in-law, Major J. W. Marshall, Swainson took up a considerable area of pastoral land in the Rangitikei, but it yielded little return during his lifetime, and he was largely dependent on his half pay.

During the years 1852–54, at the invitation of Australian Governments, he studied the flora of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. He soon confined himself to gum trees, described 1,520 varieties, and claimed to have discovered the principle of their variation. He returned to New Zealand to live at Fern Grove, a property in the Hutt, where he died on 6 December 1855.

Swainson was a notable naturalist, an extremely skilful botanical draughtsman, and a competent artist with water colours. He was too gentle a man to be a successful colonist, and seems to have felt isolated and unhappy in New Zealand. Insecurity of all kinds, and tension between stepmother and stepdaughters in his household also contributed to making his later years sombre ones. He was survived by four sons and a daughter by his first wife, and three daughters by his second, whom he also predeceased.