Poppa of Bayeux

Poppa and Rollo were married on Wednesday, 1 July 0893. Groom was 33 Bride was 13. Marriage lasted 37 years. Ended on death of Wife (https://royalfamilytree.uk/08800701__poppa_of_bayeux.html ):

Poppa de Bayeux

• seen as daughter of Berengar ll, of Neustria (or Beranger, Count of Bayeux by ML)

Project MedLands DUKES of NORMANDY 911-1106

ROLLO ["Ganger" Hrolf], son of [RAGNVALD "the Wise" Jarl of Möre in Norway & his wife Ragnhild ---] (-Rouen [928/33], bur ---, transferred [1064] to Rouen Cathedral[1]). The parentage of Rollo/Rolf is uncertain and the chronology of his life confused. Richer names "Rollone filio Catilli" as leader of the Vikings who raided along the Loire and against whom "Robertus Celticæ Galliæ dux" campaigned[2]. No further reference has been found to "Catillus/Ketel". Flodoard provides no information on Rollo´s ancestry. The early 12th century William of Malmesbury states that "Rollo…[was] born of noble lineage among the Norwegians, though obsolete from its extreme antiquity" and adds that he was "banished by the king´s command from his own country"[3]. The later Orkneyinga Saga is more specific, naming “Hrolf who conquered Normandy” as son of “Earl Rognwald” and his wife “Ragnhild the daughter of Hrolf Nose”, adding that he was so big that no horse could carry him, giving rise to his name “Göngu-Hrolf”[4]. Snorre names "Rolf and Thorer" as the two sons of "Earl Ragnvald" and his wife Hild, recording that Rolf was banished from Norway by King Harald and travelled to the Hebrides, settling first in Orkney before moving southwards through Scotland, and eventually conquering Normandy[5]. The Historia Norwegie records that, after Orkney was conquered by "principi Rogwaldi" and his followers, "de quorum collegio…Rodulfus" captured Rouen in Normandy, commenting that he was known as "Gongurolfr" because he was obliged to walk as he was too large to travel on horseback[6]. This source makes no reference to any blood relationship between Rollo and "principi Rogwaldi". Guillaume de Jumièges refers to an unnamed Danish warrior “dux” who left two sons “maior natu Rollo, alter...iunior Gurim”[7]. He records that the king of Denmark defeated the two brothers and killed Gorm, that Rollo fled the country for “Scanzam insulam”, from where he went “ad Anglos”, and made peace with "rex Anglorum...Alstemus"[8]. If this refers to Æthelstan King of Wessex, the account must be confused given King Æthelstan´s accession in 924. Freeman suggests that Guillaume de Jumièges must be referring to "Guthrum-Æthelstan of East-Anglia"[9], although this does not resolve the chronological problems assuming that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is correct in recording Guthrum´s death in 890[10]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that “Rollo” attacked “Walgrenses...gens barbara”, devastated “in Walgras” allied with “Alstemus rex Anglorum”, and defeated “Rainerium Longi-colli Hasbacensme et Hainaucensem ducem et Radebodum Frisiæ regionis principem” whose help “Walgris” had sought[11]. The same source records that "Dani cum suo duce Rollone" left “Scaldi” [Schelde river] in 876, sailed “Sequanica” [Seine] and arrived at “Gemmeticum” [Jumi%C3%A8ges] where they deposited the body of “virginis Amaltrudæ” which they had transported “a Britannia”[12]. Orderic Vitalis records that "xxx annis post cladem Hastingi [dated to 851 in other sources, see the document CENTRAL FRANCE NOBILITY], Rollo dux cum valida Danorum juventute" entered “Neustriam”, besieged Paris for four years and captured Bayeux (“Baiocas”)[13]. The Chronicon Sancti Michaelis records that “venit Rollo in Normannia V Kal Dec” in 876[14]. The date 876 is stretched from a chronological point of view: Houts suggests that it should be corrected to [900][15]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that "Rollo" took “Rothomo” [Rouen], sailed to "apud Hasdans quæ Archis dicitur", that “Rainaldus totius Franciæ dux” led his army to meet them “super Authuræ fluvium” and sent “Hastingum” from “Carnotena urbe” [Chartres] in an unsuccessful attempt at negotiation, that “Rotlandus signifer Rainaldi” was killed in the ensuing battle and that Rollo captured “Mellenti municipium”[16]. Guillaume de Jumièges also records that "Rainaldus" was killed in battle during a later campaign, that Rollo besieged Paris, captured “Baiocasensem urbem” [Bayeux] along with "nobilissimam puellam...Popam filiam...Berengarii illustris viri" whom he married “more Danico” and by whom he had “Willelmum...filiamque...Gerloc”, before capturing “Ebroicam civitatem” where he killed “episcopum...Sibor”[17]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that Rollo besieged “Carnotenam urbem” [Chartres] but was forced to withdraw by "Richardus Burgundionum dux...cum...Antelmus episcopus"[18]. William of Malmesbury records that "Rollo…experienced a check at Chartres" but escaped the "plentiful slaughter" of the Vikings by the townspeople, before capturing Rouen "in 876"[19]. Guillaume of Jumièges records that Charles III "le Simple" King of the West Franks granted "terram maritimam ab Eptæ flumine usque ad Britannicos limites" together with "sua filia...Gisla" to Rollo who renounced his campaigns, that the king added "tota Britannia" and that “ipsius provinciæ principibus Berengerio atque Alanno” swore allegiance to Rollo[20]. The charter which confirms the original grant (assuming that there was such a document) has not survived. However, the grant of land is inferred from a charter dated 14 Mar 918, under which land was donated to the monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Prés specifying that the donation excluded "that part…which we have granted to the Normans of the Seine, namely to Rollo and his companions"[21]. The uncertain nature of the demise was the source of future conflict between the French crown, which claimed that Normandy was an enfeofment for which the ruling duke owed allegiance, and the later dukes of Normandy, who claimed that it was an unconditional allod for which no allegiance was owed[22]. The version of events recorded by Flodoard provides a different slant and names two Viking leaders. Firstly, Flodoard records that in 923 "Ragenoldus princeps Nortmannorum" who occupied "in fluvio Ligeri" devastated "Franciam trans Isaram", that "Nortmanni" made peace in 924 "cum Francis", that King Raoul granted them "Cinomannis et Baiocæ" [Maine and Bayeux], but that "Raginoldus cum suis Nortmannis" devasted the land between the Loire and the Seine[23]. This passage makes no mention of the supposed earlier grant of land along the shore. Secondly, the same source records that "Raginoldus cum suis Nortmannis" devasted Burgundy in 925, that Héribert [II] Comte de Vermandois besieged Norman castles "super Sequanam", that "Nortmanni" devastated "pagum Belvacensem atque Ambianensem" [Beauvais and Amboise], while Comte Héribert and Arnoul Count of Flanders forced "Rollo princeps" from his strongholds[24]. Thirdly, Flodoard states that "Hugo filius Rotberti et Heribertus comes" campaigned against "Nortmannos" in 927, that "filius Rollonis" did homage to ex-king Charles at "castellum…Auga", and that "Rollo" held "filius Heriberti Odo" as a hostage in 928, which suggests some sort of alliance between Rollo and Comte Héribert[25]. Guillaume of Jumièges records that Rollo was baptised in 912 by "Francone archiepiscopo", adopting the name ROBERT after "Rodbertus dux" who acted as his sponsor, and records the donations he made at the time to various religious institutions[26]. William of Malmesbury records that "it was determined by treaty, that [Rollo] should be baptised, and hold the country of the king as his lord"[27]. William of Malmesbury records that Rollo died at Rouen[28]. The date of his death is uncertain: Flodoard names Rollo as living in 928 (see above) but the same source names "Willelmus princeps Nortmannorum" in 933[29]. The Chronicon Sancti Michaelis records the death of “Rollo” in 917 and the succession of “Guillelmus filius eius”[30]. The Brevis Relatio de Origine Willelmi Conquestoris records that "Rollo et Willelmus filius eius" were buried "apud Rothomagum in ecclesia beatæ Mariæ"[31]. Orderic Vitalis implies that the transfer of Robert's body to Rouen Cathedral took place after the "the ninth year" in office of Archbishop Maurilius, who had succeeded Mauger de Normandie[32], which would date the event to [1064]. He is known to history as ROBERT I Comte [de Normandie], although no early source has been identified which refers to him by this name or title.
married [firstly] unknown The identity of Rollo´s first wife or concubine is not known. married [secondly] ([886] or after, repudiated, remarried after 912) POPPA, daughter of BERENGAR Comte de Bayeux & his wife Guillaume de Jumièges records that Rollo captured “Baiocasensem urbem” [Bayeux] along with "nobilissimam puellam...Popam filiam...Berengarii illustris viri" whom he married “more Danico” and by whom he had “Willelmum...filiamque...Gerloc”[33]. Orderic Vitalis records that "xxx annis post cladem Hastingi [dated to 851 in other sources, see the document CENTRAL FRANCE NOBILITY], Rollo dux cum valida Danorum juventute" entered “Neustriam”, captured Bayeux (“Baiocas”), killed “Berengarium comitem” and married “Popam...filiam eius”[34]. The Chronico Rotomagensis records that "mortua a Gisla, accepit Rollo propriam uxorem filiam comitis Silvanectensis Widonis"[35]. Robert of Torigny combines the information, recording that "Rollo dux Northmannorum" married "Popam prius repudiatam uxorem…filiam…Berengarii comitis Baiocensis neptem vero Widonis comitis Silvanectensis"[36]. The Historia Norwegie records that, after capturing Rouen, "Rodulfus" married the daughter of its deceased count by whom he was father of "Willelmum…Longosped"[37]. Another indication of Poppa´s family origin is provided by Guillaume of Jumièges who records that Louis IV King of the West Franks, after the death of the father [Poppa%C2%B4s son Guillaume I “Longuespée”] of Richard I Comte [de Normandie], marched on Rouen, was received by “Rodulphus et Bernardus atque Anslech totius Normannici ducatus tutores”, and captured Richard, who was taken to Laon but was freed by “Osmundus...consilio cum Yvone patre Willelmi de Belismo” and taken to “Silvanectis” where “Bernardus...comes” [presumably identifiable as Bernard [II] Comte de Senlis, who, assuming that the reconstruction proposed in the document CAROLINGIAN NOBILITY is correct, was Poppa´s uterine half-brother] protected “nepotem suum Richardum”[38]. It would be possible to reconcile the different versions if Comte Bernard's mother was married twice, her first husband being Bérenger Comte de Bayeux. Guillaume of Jumièges records that Rollo married "repudiatam Poppa" again after the death of his wife [Gisela][39]. married [thirdly] (912) GISELA, daughter of CHARLES III "le Simple" King of the West Franks & his first wife Frederuna ([908/16]-before her husband). The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names (in order) "Hyrmintrudim, Frederunam, Adelheidim, Gislam, Rotrudim et Hildegardim" as the children of "Karolus rex…ex Frederuna regina"[40]. Guillaume of Jumièges records that Charles III "le Simple" King of the West Franks granted "terram maritimam ab Eptæ flumine usque ad Britannicos limites" together with "sua filia...Gisla" to Rollo who renounced his campaigns, in a later passage their marriage, and in a subsequent chapter the fact that she died childless[41]. Her marriage is recorded in the Norman annals for 912, which state that she died without issue, presumably soon after the marriage when Gisela must still have been an infant. The chronicle of Dudo of Saint-Quentin[42] describes her as of "tall stature, most elegant…", which is of course inconsistent with her supposed birth date range. The Liber Modernorum Regum Francorum records the marriage of "filiam suam [=rex Karolus] nomine Gillam" to "Rollo"[43]. Settipani considers that the marriage did not occur, and that the Norman sources confused it with the marriage of Gisela, daughter of Lothaire II King of Lotharingia, to the Viking leader Gotfrid[44].

Rollo & his [first unknown wife] had two children:

• 1. [KADLINE Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by the Landnáma-Boc which records that "son of Oht-here…Helge" captured and married [her daughter] "Nidh-beorg, daughter of king Beolan and Cadh-lina, daughter of Walking-Rolf [Gongo-Hr%C3%B3lfs]" when he "harried in Scotland", and also records their descendants[45]. No other record has been found of "king Beolan" and the accuracy of this report is unknown. m BEOLAN King [in Scotland].]
• 2. [NIEDERGA. Niederga is shown in Europäische Stammtafeln[46] as the second daughter of Rollo by his first wife but the primary source on which this is based has not been identified.]

Robert & his second wife Poppa had two children:

• 3. GUILLAUME (Rouen [900/05]-murdered Pequigny 17 Dec 942, bur ---, transferred [1064] to Rouen Cathedral[47]). Guillaume de Jumièges records that Rollo captured “Baiocasensem urbem” [Bayeux] along with "nobilissimam puellam...Popam filiam...Berengarii illustris viri" whom he married “more Danico” and by whom he had “Willelmum...filiamque...Gerloc”[48]. However, the Planctus for William Longsword[49], composed shortly after the murder of Guillaume, states that he had a Christian mother of overseas origin. Orderic Vitalis names "Willelmum cognomento Longam-Spatam" as the son of “Rollo dux” by his wife “Berengarium comitem...Popam...filiam eius”[50]. Dudo of Saint-Quentin states that he was born in Rouen and, in a later passage, describes him as a "young man" one year before his father's death[51]. His birth date is estimated based on the estimated birth date of his own son. His father chose him as heir one year before his death[52]. Flodoard records that "filius Rollonis" did homage to ex-king Charles III "le Simple" at "castellum…Auga" in 927[53]. He succeeded his father in [928/33] as GUILLAUME I "Longuespee" Comte [de Normandie]. Flodoard names "Willelmus princeps Nortmannorum" in 933[54]. Dudo of Saint-Quentin records that he quelled a rebellion led by the Viking chief Riulf after the latter besieged Rouen[55]. In return for swearing allegiance to Raoul King of France, Guillaume appears to have been granted rights to further territory along the coast in 933, maybe the Cotentin and Avranchin. If this is correct, it would have created rivalry with the dukes of Brittany. Dudo of Saint-Quentin describes Comte Guillaume's invasion of Brittany shortly after his accession to quell a rebellion against him, and his defeat of the rebels at Bayeux[56]. Responding to raids by Comte Guillaume, Arnoul I Count of Flanders invaded Ponthieu and in 939 captured Montreuil from Herluin Comte de Ponthieu, although it was recaptured by Comte Guillaume's forces. Guillaume of Jumièges records that “Arnulfus Flandrensis comes” captured "castrum...Monasteriolum" from “comiti...Herluino”, who sought help from “Normanniæ dominum” who recaptured the castle for Herluin[57]. In 939, Guillaume joined the alliance against Louis IV King of France which was led by Otto I "der Große" King of Germany who raided Frankish territory. Comte Guillaume, however, met King Louis at Amiens, receiving a confirmation of the grant of his lands in Normandy. Guillaume of Jumièges records that “Arnulfus Flandrensis” tricked "duci Willelmo" into a meeting to settle the dispute concerning Montreuil “apud Pinchiniacum”, where Guillaume was killed by “Henricus necnon Balzo, Robertus quoque atque Ridulphus quatuor diaboli filii” on “XVI Kal Jan” 943[58]. Orderic Vitalis records that "Willelmus dux" was killed in 942 “fraude Arnulphi Flandrensis satrapæ”[59]. The Annalibus Rotomagensibus record that "Willermus dux Normannorum filius Rollonis" was killed "943 XVI Kal Jan"[60]. The Brevis Relatio de Origine Willelmi Conquestoris records that "Rollo et Willelmus filius eius" were buried "apud Rothomagum in ecclesia beatæ Mariæ"[61]. Orderic Vitalis implies that the transfer of his body to Rouen Cathedral took place after the "the ninth year" in office of Archbishop Maurilius, who had succeeded Mauger de Normandie[62], which would date the event to [1064]. married firstly SPROTA, daughter of ---. Guillaume of Jumièges records that, after the rebel “Riulfus” was defeated at the battle of "Pratum-belli", a messenger arrived “a...Fiscannensis castri” and reported to Guillaume the birth of his son to “nobilissima puella Danico more sibi iuncta...Sprota”[63]. This passage suggests that Sprota was Count Guillaume's concubine rather than wife, particularly as no reference has been found to a dissolution of any marriage before she married Esperleng or before Guillaume married his second wife. She married Esperleng de Pîtres. Guillaume of Jumièges records that “Richardus I filius Willelmi Longæspatæ...mater eius Sprota” and “Asperlengi” had “filium Rodulphum...et filias plures”[64]. married secondly ([935]%29 as her first husband, LUITGARDIS de Vermandois, daughter of HERIBERT [II] Comte de Vermandois & his wife Adela [Capet] (before 925-14 Nov after 985, bur Chartres, Abbaye de Saint-Père). Rodulfus Glauber refers to the wife of Comte Guillaume as "sororem [Heribertum Trecorum comitem]", specifying that she was childless by her first husband, when recording her second marriage to "Tetbaldus"[65]. Guillaume of Jumièges records the marriage of “Normannorum Dux” and "Herbertus...filiam suam", encouraged by “Hugone Magno”, after the marriage of Guillaume´s sister Gerloc [which would date the marriage to [935] if that report is accurate][66]. She married secondly Thibaut [I] Comte de Blois. "Hugonis ducis, Odonis comitis, Hugonis sanctæ Bituricensis archipræsulis, Letgardis comitissæ, Bertæ comitissæ, Gauzfridi vicecomitis…" subscribed the charter dated 985 under which "Robertus" donated property to "Sancti Petri Carnotensis", on the advice of "Odonem, simul cum sua matre Ledgarde, pariterque dominam meam Bertam, ipsius æque coniugem"[67]. The necrology of Chartres cathedral records the death "XVIII Kal Dec" of "Letgardis comitissa"[68].

Guillaume & his first wife SPROTA had one child:

• a) RICHARD (Fécamp [932]-20 Nov 996, bur Fécamp). Guillaume of Jumièges records that, after the rebel “Riulfus” was defeated at the battle of "Pratum-belli", a messenger arrived “a...Fiscannensis castri” and reported the birth of his son to “nobilissima puella Danico more sibi iuncta...Sprota” to Guillaume who ordered him to be sent immediately to “Baiocas...episcopo Henrico” for baptism as “Richardum”[69]. He succeeded his father as RICHARD I "Sans Peur" Comte [de Normandie].
  

• 4. GERLOC (-after 969). Guillaume de Jumièges records that Rollo captured “Baiocasensem urbem” [Bayeux] along with "nobilissimam puellam...Popam filiam...Berengarii illustris viri" whom he married “more Danico” and by whom he had “Willelmum...filiamque...Gerloc”[70]. Robert of Torigny also names "Willermum Longum Spatam et Gerloch" as children of "Rollo dux Northmannorum" and Poppa[71]. The Chronico Richardi Pictavensis records that "Heblus…Pictavorum Comes et Dux Aquitaniæ duxit Adelam filiam Rolli Rothomagensis"[72], although this is presumably an error for Guillaume son of Ebles. Guillaume of Jumièges records the marriage of “dux...sororem eius...Gerlco” and "Willelmus Pictavensis comes”[73]. She adopted the name ADELA when baptised. "Guillelmi comitis, Adeleidis comitisse" subscribed a charter recording a donation to Cluny dated [963][74]. Lothaire King of France granted her 14 Oct 962 the right to dispose of extensive property in Poitiers, la Cour de Faye, this grant effectively putting an end to the long dispute between her husband and the family of Hugues "Capet". She used the property to found the Monastery of Sainte-Trinité[75]. married ([935]%29 GUILLAUME I "Tête d'Etoupe" Comte de Poitou, son of EBLES "Mancer" Comte de Poitou, Duke of Aquitaine & his first wife Aremburga ([900]-3 Apr 963). He succeeded in 959 as GUILLAUME III Duke of Aquitaine.

Project MedLands Frankish Nobility

BERENGER (-[886 or after]). Comte de Bayeux. According to Orderic Vitalis, Rollo "stormed and captured Bayeux, slew its count Berengar and took to wife his daughter Poppa"[770]. In another passage, the same source records that Rollo besieged Paris, captured Bayeux, killed "Berengarium comitem" and married his daughter Popa, in 886[771], although this date appears early in light of the likely birth date range of the couple's son Guillaume.
married [as her first husband] --- [du Vexin], daughter of PEPIN [Carolingian] & his wife

Berengar & his wife had one child:

• a) POPPA . According to Orderic Vitalis, Rollo "stormed and captured Bayeux, slew its count Berengar and took to wife his daughter Poppa"[772]. In another passage, the same source records that Rollo besieged Paris, captured Bayeux, killed "Berengarium comitem" and married his daughter Popa, in 886[773], although this date appears early in light of the likely birth date range of the couple's son Guillaume. The Chronico Rotomagensis records that "mortua a Gisla, accepit Rollo propriam uxorem filiam comitis Silvanectensis Widonis"[774]. Robert of Torigny combines the information, recording that "Rollo dux Northmannorum" married "Popam prius repudiatam uxorem…filiam…Berengarii comitis Baiocensis neptem vero Widonis comitis Silvanectensis"[775]. Guillaume de Jumièges records that "le comte Bernard" welcomed "son neveu Richard" (grandson of Rollo) at Senlis after his escape from captivity[776], although in another passage he describes how Rollo captured Bayeux and took "une très-noble jeune fille Popa, fille de Bérenger" in the town, marrying her "à la manière des Danois"[777], in a later passage adding that Rollo married Poppa, whom he had previously repudiated, a second time after the death of his wife[778]. It would be possible to reconcile the different versions if Comte Bernard's mother was married twice, her first husband being Bérenger Comte de Bayeux. married (886 or after, repudiated, remarried after 912) as his second wife, ROLLO, later known as ROBERT I Comte [de Normandie], son of [RAGNVALD "the Wise" Jarl of Möre in Norway & his wife Ragnhild] ([846]-[928]).

Links

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppa_of_Bayeux
• http://genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00020056&tree=LEO
• http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORMANDY.htm#Gerlocdiedafter969
• http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/FRANKISH%20NOBILITY.htm
• http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cousin/html/p45.htm#i5203
• http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cousin/html/index.htm
• http://www.jbdaedal.com/shannon/4/1483.htm

Sources

• Katharine S. B. Keats-Rohan, « Poppa de Bayeux et sa famille », dans Onomastique et Parenté dans l'Occident médiéval, Prosopographica et genealogica, Oxford, 2000, 310 p. (ISBN 1-900934-01-9), p. 140-153
• Pierre Bauduin, « Des raids scandinaves à l’établissement de la principauté de Rouen » dans Elisabeth Deniaux, Claude Lorren, Pierre Bauduin et Thomas Jarry, La Normandie avant les Normands, de la conquête romaine à l’arrivée des Vikings, éditions Ouest-France Université, Rennes, 2002 (ISBN 2-7373-1117-9) .
• Jean et Sigrid Renaud, Rollon, chef viking, éditions Ouest-France Université, 2006 (ISBN 978-2-7373-3592-1)
• Directory of Royal Genealogical Data, Hull, England
• Christian Settipani & Patrick van Kerrebrouck. La préhistoire des Capétiens: 481-987. P. Van Kerrebrouck, 1993. p 221
• Stewart Baldwin (2004-08-02). "Poppa, tenth century, wife of Rollo of Normandy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2018-09-29.
• Philip Lyndon Reynolds, Marriage in the Western Church: The Christianization of Marriage during the Patristic and Early Medieval Periods (E.J. Brill, Leiden, New York, 1994), pp. 110-111
• François Neveux, La Normandie des ducs aux rois: Xe-XIIe siècle, (Editions Ouest-France, 1998), p.125
• David Crouch, The Normans: The History of a Dynasty, (A&C Black, 2006), p.5
• Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 89
• David C. Douglas, 'Rollo of Normandy', The English Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 228 (Oct., 1942), p. 417
• Pierre Bouet, Rollon: Le chef viking qui fonda la Normandie, (Tallandier, Paris, 2016), p. 96
• Elisabeth van Houts. The Normans in Europe. Manchester University Press, 2000. p 30
• Christian Settipani & Patrick van Kerrebrouck. La préhistoire des Capétiens: 481-987. P. Van Kerrebrouck, 1993. p 221
• Stewart Baldwin (2004-08-02). "Poppa, tenth century, wife of Rollo of Normandy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2018-09-29.
• François Neveux. Claire Ruelle, A brief history of the Normans: the conquests that changed the face of Europe (Robinson, 2008), p. 60-61
• Pierre Bouet, Rollon: Le chef viking qui fonda la Normandie, (Tallandier, Paris, 2016), p.235
• “family tree of the Duchy of Brittany” shows as daughter of “Berenguer of Bayeux” and daughter of Gurvand