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Creators and those involved with IQ Tests
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient
An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardised tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligenzquotient, his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Breslau he advocated in a 1912 book.
Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The resulting fraction (quotient) was multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score. For modern IQ tests, the raw score is transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. This results in approximately two-thirds of the population scoring between IQ 85 and IQ 115 and about 2.5 percent each above 130 and below 70.
Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence. Unlike, for example, distance and mass, a concrete measure of intelligence cannot be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of "intelligence". IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as nutrition, parental socioeconomic status, morbidity and mortality, parental social status, and perinatal environment. While the heritability of IQ has been investigated for nearly a century, there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates and the mechanisms of inheritance.
IQ scores are used for educational placement, assessment of intellectual disability, and evaluating job applicants. In research contexts, they have been studied as predictors of job performance and income. They are also used to study distributions of psychometric intelligence in populations and the correlations between it and other variables. Raw scores on IQ tests for many populations have been rising at an average rate that scales to three IQ points per decade since the early 20th century, a phenomenon called the Flynn effect. Investigation of different patterns of increases in subtest scores can also inform current research on human intelligence.
- Alfred Binet - French psychologist who developed the first standardized intelligence test in 1905.
- Theodore Simon - French physician and Binet's collaborator on the development of the first intelligence test.
- Lewis Terman - American psychologist who revised and adapted the Binet-Simon Scale for use in the United States, creating the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale in 1916.
- David Wechsler - American psychologist who developed the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).
- Charles Spearman - British psychologist who developed the theory of general intelligence, also known as "g" factor.
- Raymond Cattell - British-American psychologist who developed the Culture Fair Intelligence Test and the 16 Personality Factors (16PF) questionnaire.
- Robert Yerkes - American psychologist who co-developed the Army Alpha and Beta Tests during World War I.
- Henry Goddard - American psychologist who adapted the Binet-Simon test for use in the United States and coined the term "moron" to describe individuals with intellectual disability.
- James McKeen Cattell - American psychologist who co-developed the Army Alpha and Beta Tests during World War I.
- Arthur Jensen - American psychologist known for his controversial work on the heritability of intelligence and the concept of "g."
- Cyril Burt - British psychologist who conducted research on the heritability of intelligence and developed the idea of a "genetic factor" in intelligence.
- Hans Eysenck - German-British psychologist who developed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and studied the relationship between personality traits and intelligence.
- J.P. Guilford - American psychologist who developed the Structure of Intellect theory, which proposed that intelligence consists of three dimensions: operations, content, and products.
- John Raven - British psychologist who developed the Raven's Progressive Matrices, a non-verbal test of intelligence.
- L.L. Thurstone - American psychologist who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which identified seven distinct types of intelligence.
- Arthur Otis - American psychologist who developed the Otis Intelligence Test, which became widely used in the United States during World War II.
- David Shakow - American psychologist who interested in the relationship between intelligence and mental illness.
- George Kelly - American psychologist who developed the Personal Construct Theory, which proposed that individuals use unique personal constructs to make sense of their experiences and the world around them.
- Edward Thorndike - American psychologist who proposed the theory of social intelligence, which emphasized the importance of social skills and abilities in success.
- Carl Brigham - American psychologist who helped adapt the Army Alpha and Beta Tests for civilian use, and later expressed concerns about the use of IQ tests in making decisions about individuals' intelligence and potential.
- William Stern
- Howard Gardner
- Robert Coles
- Anne Anastasi
- Lee Cronbach
- David B. Cohen
- John Bissell Carroll
- Richard Herrnstein
- Nathan Brody
- Earl Hunt
- Richard Lynn
- James Flynn
- John Horn
- Samuel Messick
- Leon Kamin
- Robert Plomin
- Ronald K. Hambleton
- J. Philippe Rushton
- R. Travis Osborne
- Keith Stanovich
- Richard Haier
- Robert J. Sternberg
- Linda Gottfredson
- James Watson
- Francis Galton
- Martin Barr
- Maud Merrill James
- Walter V. Bingham
- Joseph Mayer Rice
- Jack A. Naglieri
- Richard Woodcock
- Mary Johnson
- Colin D. Elliot
- Irving Lorge
- David F. Lohman
- Elizabeth P. Hagen
- Roger Thomas Lennon
- Elizabeth T. Sullivan
- Willis W. Clark
- Ernest W. Tiegs
- Tom A. Lamke
- V. A. C. Henmon
- M. J. Nelson
- Alan S. Kaufman
- Cecil R. Reynolds
- W. S. Miller
- Ronald K. Hoeflin
- Stanley Kaplan
- Douglas K. Detterman
- David Lubinski
- Aljoscha C. Neubauer
- Michael A. McDaniel
- Timothy Bates
- William Revelle
- Rex Jung
- Rosalind Arden
- Ralph B. Haines
- Roland Berrill
- Lancelot Ware
- Kevin Langdon
- Paul Cooijmans
- Christopher Harding
- Stuart J. Ritchie
- Thomas W. Chittenden
- Godfrey Thomson
- Wendy Johnson
- Thomas Bouchard
- Hans van der Maas
- Camilla Benbow
- Steven Pinker
- Avshalom Caspi
- Stephen J. Ceci
- Diane Halpern
- Terrie E. Moffitt
- Timothy A. Salthouse
- Francis L. Schmidt
- Paul M. Thompson
- John Duncan
- Alexander Luria
- Charles Murray
- Stephen Jay Gould
- Steven Rose
- Philip E. Vernon