Khosrau II "the Victorious", King of Persia

Occupation: Shah of Persia

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Khusro II, also known as Khosrau II or Khosrow II (Chosroes II or Xosrov II in classical sources, sometimes called Parvez [or Aparvez], "the ever Victorious" – in Persian: خسرو پرویز) was the twenty-second Sassanid King of Persia (Iran), from 590 to 628.

Khosro II was inferior to his grandfather in terms of proper education and discipline. He was haughty, cruel, and given to luxury; he was neither a warrior-general nor an administrator and despite his brilliant victories, he did not personally command an army in the field, relying instead on the strategy and loyalty of his generals. Nevertheless Tabari describes him as: "Excelling most of the other Persian kings in bravery, wisdom and forethought, and none matching him in military might and triumph, hoarding of treasures and good fortunes, hence the epithet Parviz, meaning victorious."

He had a shabestan (harem) of over 3,000 concubines, one of whom is our ancestor.

Khosro II was raised to the throne by the magnates who had rebelled against Hormizd IV, who soon after had his father blinded and killed. But at the same time the general Bahram Chobin had proclaimed himself King Bahram VI (590–591), and Khosro II was not able to maintain himself.

... [According to Arab accounts, al-Nu'man al-Nu`man III ibn Amr al-Mundhir I - Lakhmid king of al-Hirah (582 – c. 602) gave refuge to Hormizd's son, Khosrow II (r. 591–628), during his flight from the usurper Bahram Chobin in 590, and fought alongside him in a battle at al-Nahrawan against the usurper's forces.]... ref https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_III_ibn_al-Mundhir

The war with the Romans, which had begun in 571, had not yet come to an end. Khosro II fled to Syria, and subsequently to Constantinople, where the Emperor Maurice (582–602), also our ancestor, agreed to send help in condition that Byzantine sovereignty over cities of Amida, Carrhae, Dara, Nisibis and Miyafariqin (Middle Persian Miyān Pārgin) be renewed. Furthermore, Persia was required to cease intervening in the affairs of Georgia and Armenia, effectively ceding control of Lazistan to Byzantines.

Many leading men and part of the troops acknowledged Khosro II, and in 591 he was brought back to Ctesiphon. Bahram VI was defeated in Azerbaijan and fled to the Turks of Central Asia, among whom he was murdered. Peace with Rome was then concluded. Maurice made no use of his advantage; he merely restored the former frontier and abolished the subsidies which had formerly been paid to the Persians.

Khusro married Maria (Mariam), daughter of Emperor Maurice. (Or perhaps his son Kavadh II was the one who married her?)

At the beginning of his reign, King Khosro II favored the Christians; but when in 602 Emperor Maurice had been murdered by Phocas (602–610), he began war with Rome to avenge his death. His armies plundered Syria and Asia Minor, and in 608 advanced to Chalcedon.

In 613 and 614 Damascus and Jerusalem were taken by the general Shahrbaraz, and the True Cross was carried away in triumph. Soon after, General Shahin marched through Anatolia and conquered Egypt in 618. The Romans could offer but little resistance, as they were torn by internal dissensions, and pressed by the Avars and Slavs.

Khosro's forces at times also invaded Taron.

Richard Nelson Frye speculates that one mistake of Khosro II, which was to have future consequences, was the imprisonment and execution of Nu'aman III (crushed by elephants in some accounts), King of the Lakhmids of Al-Hira about 600, presumably because of the failure of the Arab king to support Khosro on his fight with the Byzantines. Afterward the central government took over the defense of the western frontiers to the desert and the buffer state of the Lakhmids vanished. This soon led to invasion of lower Iraq in less than a decade after Khosros death.

Khosro II (Arabic كسرى) is also remembered in Muslim tradition to be the Persian king to whom Muhammad had sent a messenger, Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi, together with a letter to preach the religion of Islam. In Tabari’s original Arabic manuscript the letter to Khosrau II reads: "بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

   From Muhammad, Messenger of Allah, to Chosroes, Ruler of Persia. Peace be on him who follows the guidance, believes in Allah and His Messenger and bears witness that there is no one worthy of worship save Allah, the One, without associate, and that Muhammad is His Servant and Messenger. I invite you to the Call of Allah, as I am the Messenger of Allah to the whole of mankind, so that I may warn every living person and so that the truth may become clear and the judgment of God may overtake the disbelievers. I call upon you to accept Islam and thus make yourself secure. If you turn away, you will bear the sins of your Zoroastrian subjects."

The Persian historian Tabari continues that in refusal and outrage, Khosro tore up Muhammed's letter and commanded Badhan, his vassal ruler of Yemen, to dispatch two valiant men to identify, seize and bring this man from Hijaz (Muhammad) to him. Meanwhile, back in Madinah, Abdullah told Muhammad how Khusro had torn his letter to pieces and Muhammad's only reply was, "May his kingdom tear apart",and predicted that Khosro's own son shall kill him. The narration carries on with trivial accounts of their encounter and dialogue with Muhammad and conversion of Badhan (Bāzān) and the whole Yemenite Persians to Islam subsequent to receipt of shocking tidings of Khosro's murder by his own son, Kavadh II, our ambitious ancestor.

In other chapters Tabari gives two more detailed accounts. One on how Islam had been presented in three subsequent years to the Persian monarch (Khosro II) by an angel of Allah while he had refused the whole time; and the other on how Khosro II orders Persians thrice to construct a dam and iwan on the Tigris river with untold toil and outlay with exact intervals of 8 months, only to see each one break once Khosro himself embarked it to celebrate.

Khosro firstly married Scheherazade, daughter of Bistam. Secondly he married Shirin of Malatia. He ultimately had 15 sons and 16 daughters, including our ancestor Kavidh, by our ancestor, Maria of Constantinople. (Did Khosro marry Maria of Constantinople, or did his son Kavidh?)

Ultimately, in 622, the Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius (who had succeeded Phocas in 610 and ruled until 641) was able to take the field. In 624 he advanced into northern Media, where he destroyed the great fire-temple of Ganzhak (Gazaca); in 626 he fought in Lazistan (Colchis). In 626, Persian general Shahrbaraz advanced to Chalcedon and tried to capture Constantinople with the help of Persia's Avar allies. His attempt failed, and he withdrew his army from Anatolia later in 628.

Following the Khazar invasion of Transcaucasia in 627, Heraclius defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Nineveh and advanced toward Ctesiphon. Khosro II fled from his favorite residence, Dastgerd (near Baghdad), without offering resistance; some of the grandees freed his eldest son Kavadh II (he ruled briefly in 628), whom Khosro II had imprisoned, and proclaimed King (night of 23-4 February, 628). Four days afterward, Khosro II was murdered in his palace by his son Kavadh, our ancestor.

Meanwhile, Heraclius returned in triumph to Constantinople; in 629 the Cross was given back to him and Egypt evacuated, while the Persian empire, from the apparent greatness which it had reached ten years ago, sank into hopeless anarchy. It was overtaken by the armies of the first Islamic Caliphs beginning in 634.

In fact, the disastrous wars between the Byzantine Romans and the Persians effectively weakened both empires, making them easy pickings for the Arab zealot forces.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_II for more information.

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Khosrau II (Khosrow II, Chosroes II, or Xosrov II in classical sources, sometimes called Parvez, "the Ever Victorious" – in Persian: خسرو پرویز) was the twenty-second Sassanid King of Persia, reigning from 590 to 628. He was the son of Hormizd IV (reigned 579–590) and grandson of Khosrau I (reigned 531–579).

Khosrau II was inferior to his grandfather in terms of proper education and discipline. He was haughty, cruel, and given to luxury; he was neither a warrior-general nor an administrator and, despite his brilliant victories, did not personally command his armies in the field, relying instead on the strategy and loyalty of his generals. Nevertheless Tabari describes him as:

Excelling most of the other Persian kings in bravery, wisdom and forethought, and none matching him in military might and triumph, hoarding of treasures and good fortunes, hence the epithet Parviz, meaning victorious.[1]

According to legend, Khosrau had a shabestan in which over 3,000 concubines resided.[1]

[edit]Ascension to the throne

Khosrau II was raised to the throne by the same magnates who had rebelled against his father Hormizd IV. Soon after being crowned, Khosrau had his father blinded, then executed. However, at the same time, General Bahram Chobin had proclaimed himself King Bahram VI (590–591), exemplifying Khosrau's difficulty in maintaining control of his kingdom.

The war with the Byzantine Empire, which had begun in 571, had not yet come to an end. So, Khosrau II fled to Syria, and subsequently to Constantinople where the Emperor Maurice (582–602) agreed to assist Khosrau in regaining his throne. In return, the Byzantines would re-gain sovereignty over the cities of Amida, Carrhae, Dara, Nisibis and Miyafariqin (Middle Persian Miyān Pārgin). Furthermore, Persia was required to cease intervening in the affairs of Georgia and Armenia, effectively ceding control of Lazistan to the Byzantines.[2][3] A large percentage of the leading bureaucrats, administrators, governors, and military commanders, along with the majority part of the Persian military, acknowledged Khosrau II as the King of Persia. Therefore, in 591, Khosrau returned to Ctesiphon and defeated Bahram VI in Azerbaijan. Bahram fled to the Turks of Central Asia, but he was eventually murdered by them. Then, peace with Byzantium was concluded. For his aid, Maurice received the Persian provinces of Armenia and Georgia, and received the abolition of the subsidies which had formerly been paid to the Persians.

[edit]Military exploits and early victories

See also: Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628

Towards the beginning of his reign, Khosrau II favoured the Christians. However, when in 602 Maurice was murdered by his General Phocas (602–610), who usurped the Byzantine throne, Khosrau launched an offensive against Constantinople, ostensibly to avenge Maurice's death, but clearly his aim included the annexation of as much Byzantine territory as was feasible. His armies invaded and plundered Syria and Asia Minor, and in 608 advanced into Chalcedon.

In 613 and 614 Damascus and Jerusalem were besieged and captured by General Shahrbaraz, and the True Cross was carried away in triumph. Soon afterwards, General Shahin marched through Anatolia defeating the Byzantines numerous times, and then conquered Egypt in 618. The Romans could offer but little resistance, as they were torn apart by internal dissensions, and pressed by the Avars and Slavs, who were invading the Empire from across the Danube River.

Khosrau's forces also invaded Taron at times during his reign.[4]

Richard Nelson Frye speculates that one major mistake of Khosrau II, which was to have severe consequences in the future, was the capture, imprisonment, and execution of Nu'aman III, King of the Lakhmids of Al-Hira, in approximately 600, presumably because of the failure of the Arab king to support Khosrau during his war against the Byzantines. (Nu'aman was crushed by elephants according to some accounts.) Afterwards the central government took over the defense of the western frontiers to the desert and the buffer state of the Lakhmids vanished. This ultimately facilitated the invasion and loss of Lower Iraq less than a decade after Khosrau's death by the forces of the Islamic Caliphs.[5]

[edit]Turn of tides

Ultimately, in 622, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (who had succeeded Phocas in 610 and ruled until 641) was able to take the field with a powerful force. In 624, he advanced into northern Media, where he destroyed the great fire-temple of Ganzhak (Gazaca). Several years later, in 626, he captured Lazistan (Colchis). Later that same year, Persian general Shahrbaraz advanced to Chalcedon and attempted to capture Constantinople with the help of Persia's Avar allies. His maneuver failed as his forces were defeated, and he withdrew his army from Anatolia later in 628.

Following the Khazar invasion of Transcaucasia in 627, Heraclius defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Nineveh and advanced towards Ctesiphon. Khosrau II fled from his favourite residence, Dastgerd (near Baghdad), without offering resistance. Meanwhile, some of the Persian grandees freed his eldest son Kavadh II (he ruled briefly in 628), whom Khosrau II had imprisoned, and proclaimed him King on the night of 23–4 February, 628.[6] Four days afterwards, Khosrau II was murdered in his palace. Meanwhile, Heraclius returned in triumph to Constantinople and in 629 the True Cross was returned to him and Egypt evacuated, while the Persian empire, from the apparent greatness which it had reached ten years ago, sank into hopeless anarchy. It was overtaken by the armies of the first Islamic Caliphs beginning in 634.

[edit]Muhammad 's letter to Khosrau II

Khosrau II (Arabic كسرى) is also remembered in Islamic tradition to be the Persian king to whom Muhammad had sent a messenger, Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi, along with a letter in which Khosrau was asked to preach the religion of Islam. In Tabari’s original Arabic manuscript the letter to Khosrau II reads:

English translation:

In the name of God, Most Gracious, Ever Merciful

From Muhammad, Messenger of God, to Chosroes, Ruler of Persia. Peace be on him who follows the guidance, believes in God and His Messenger and bears witness that there is no one worthy of worship save God, the One, without associate, and that Muhammad is His Servant and Messenger. I invite you to the Call of God, as I am the Messenger of God to the whole of mankind, so that I may warn every living person and so that the truth may become clear and the judgement of God may overtake the disbelievers. I call upon you to accept Islam and thus make yourself secure. If you turn away, you will bear the sins of your Zoroastrian subjects.

The assassination of Chosroes, in a Mughal manuscript of ca 1535, Persian poems are from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh

The Persian historian Tabari continues that in refusal and outrage, Khosrau tore up Muhammed's letter and commanded Badhan, his vassal ruler of Yemen, to dispatch two valiant men to identify, seize and bring this man from Hijaz (Muhammad) to him. Meanwhile, back in Madinah, Abdullah told Muhammad how Khosrau had torn his letter to pieces and Muhammad's only reply was, "May his kingdom tear apart", and predicted that Khosrau's own son shall kill him. The narration carries on with accounts of their encounter and dialogue with Muhammad and conversion of Badhan (Bāzān) and the whole Yemenite Persians to Islam subsequent to receipt of shocking tidings of Khosrau’s murder by his own son, Kavadh II.[7]

In other chapters Tabari gives two more detailed accounts. One tells of how Islam had been presented in three subsequent years to the Persian monarch (Khosrau II) by an angel of Allah while he had refused the whole time; and the other on how Khosrau II orders Persians thrice to construct a dam and iwan on the Tigris river with untold toil and outlay with exact intervals of 8 months, only to see each one break once Khosrau himself embarked it to celebrate its construction.[1]

[edit]Criticism of Muslim accounts

Coin of Khosrau II

Leone Caetani, in his ten-volume book Annali dell' Islam that was based on the research presented by German scholar Hubert Grimme in Das Leben Muhammed, dismisses the notion that Muhammad ever sent any envoys to rulers of neighboring kingdoms, much less received any responses; Caetani also refutes that whatever is told or written in this regard is merely a myth fabricated by the Islamic Caliphate many years after Muhammad's death.

In his work, Caetani alludes to a number of facts to prove his point of view:

All the information from historical sources (Persian, Armenian, Georgian, Syriac, Egyptian, etc.) suggest that Sassanid court ceremonies have been the most intricate in the ancient world, and among the most elaborate of such formalities had been granting audience to individuals seeking to meet with the Sassanid Shahanshah. Ibn Khordadbeh in Kitāb al-Masālik w’al- Mamālik describes how each and every foreign envoy had to submit his message to the marzban of the bordering province (in this case: vassal kingdom of Al-Hirah) whose bureaucratic system would evaluate the contents of the message and the envoy’s purpose of audience with the monarch. Most often, the envoy would be accommodated in an envoys' border lodge for a certain period of time awaiting such decision. The envoy was then escorted to the capital only if the message was considered pertinent for the court in Ctesiphon or if the said marzban would not be capable of resolving a much complicated diplomatic issue. In all other cases, the embassy was refused.

Even second-class marzbans and spahbods were not exempted from such cumbersome formalities, not to mention an envoy arriving from a relatively obscure source to the Sassanid court; and even then during the royal audience, one had to observe certain strict customs such as kissing the floor, covering one’s mouth by panam (Persian: پنام), conversing with particular etiquette, and carefully avoiding approaching Shahanshah’s throne.[8]

Caetani deduces that bearing in mind the impertinence and assertive tone of the message, Sassanid administrators must, in all probability, have denied such audience.

As regards to Khosrau’s challenging dam project on the Tigris, Caetani elaborates that the years 6 and 7 AH (627-628 AD) had been the most tumultuous periods of the Sassanid era: Heraclius was closing in on gates of Ctesiphon following his decisive victory at Nineveh; the treasury was nearly exhausted and the empire itself was weakening.

It would then be negligence towards historical facts to imagine an unstable monarch triply commencing the ambitious task of “untold toil and outlay” with a bankrupted treasury and lack of safety on the Tigris riverside.[9]

Caetani also hints at the fact that none of the Persian historical chronicles recording the ending years of the Sassanid era — specifically khodaynamehs (Persian: خداينامه meaning “book of lords”) that later became sources of information for Ferdowsi and other scientists and historians such as Birouni, Tha'alibi, Masudi, Isfahani – mention such an embassy, and whatever narrated in this context is exclusively limited to Arabic sources, while Iranians have never been aware of this matter.

Furthermore, there is no reference to these letters in Latin, Greek, Armenian, Georgian, or Syriac sources, signifying that these letters — including the ones dispatched to Heraclius, Ashama ibn Abjar and Patriarch of Alexandria- for all non-Arabic sources, are entirely unheard-of.[10]

[edit]In art

The battles between Heraclius and Khosrau are depicted in a famous early Renaissance fresco by Piero della Francesca, part of the History of the True Cross cycle in the church of San Francesco, Arezzo. Khosrau has been painted in the Ajanta Frescoes.

Khosrau II

Sassanid dynasty

Preceded by

Hormizd IV Great King (Shah) of Persia

590 –628 Succeeded by

Kavadh II

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Sassanid Prince of Iran

Source: http://www.thefullwiki.org/Yazdegerd_III

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23rd Sassanid King of Iran

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavadh_II

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Reign 590 (first reign) 591 – February 25, 628 (second reign) Predecessor: Hormizd IV (predecessor)

                       Bahram Chobin (usurper)

                       Vistahm (rival king) Successor:	Kavadh II

Khosrow II (Chosroes II in classical sources; Middle Persian: Husrō(y)), entitled "Aparvēz" ("The Victorious"), also Khusraw Parvēz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز), was the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, reigning from 590 to 628.[1] He was the son of Hormizd IV (reigned 579–590) and the grandson of Khosrow I (reigned 531–579). He was the last king of Persia to have a lengthy reign before the Muslim conquest of Iran, which began five years after his death by execution. He lost his throne, then recovered it with Roman help, and, a decade later, went on to emulate the feats of the Achaemenids, conquering the rich Roman provinces of the Middle East; much of his reign was spent in wars with the Byzantine Empire and struggling against usurpers such as Bahram Chobin and Vistahm. During the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Khosrau expanded deep into western Asia Minor, eventually besieging the very Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 626 alongside Avar and Slavic allies. Following the failure of the siege, Heraclius started a counterattack, undoing all territorial gains by Khosrau in the Levant, most of Anatolia, the western Caucasus, and Egypt, eventually marching into the Sassanian capital of Ctesiphon. This also marked the Byzantine regain of the True Cross, which Khosrau had captured following his conquest of the Levant during the same 602-628 war. In works of Persian literature such as the Shahnameh and Khosrow and Shirin (Persian: خسرو و شیرین‎‎), a famous tragic romance by Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209), a highly elaborated fictional version of Khosrow's life made him one of the greatest heroes of the culture, as much as a lover as a king. Khosrow and Shirin tells the story of his love for the Armenian princess Shirin, who becomes his queen after a lengthy courtship strewn with mishaps and difficulties.

http://bit.ly/1L8baXa

Fils de Hormizd IV († 590) et petit-fils de Khosro Ier († 579), Khosro II est mis sur le trône par les grands qui se sont rebellés contre son père au printemps 590, lequel est peu après aveuglé et tué. Mais dans le même temps, le général Bahram Chûbin se fait proclamer roi sous le nom de Vahram VI (590–591), et Khosro II est incapable de se maintenir.

La guerre contre les Byzantins, qui a commencé en 571, n'est pas encore terminée. Khosro II fuit en Syrie et persuade l'empereur Maurice Ier (582–602) de lui envoyer de l'aide contre la promesse d'avantages territoriaux. Ainsi Khosro II pénètre-t-il en territoire perse appuyé par une armée byzantine, renforcée de contingents arméniens et de loyalistes sassanides. Après de durs combats, Bahram Chûbin est vaincu près de Ganzak (Azerbaïdjan actuel). Khosro II, et avec lui la dynastie sassanide, retrouve son trône, l’intermède de Bahram Chûbin n’ayant duré qu’une année. Le Roi des rois fraîchement rétabli honore ses promesses, et l’Empire byzantin retrouve ses frontières orientales de 502.

Guerre perso-byzantine[modifier | modifier le code]

Laine tissée égyptienne (pantalon ou rideau), copie d'une soie sassanide importée, elle-même fondée sur une fresque du roi perse Khosro II se battant contre les forces éthiopiennes au Yémen, ve ‑ vie siècle. Article détaillé : Guerre perso-byzantine de 602-628. Khosro II est inférieur à son grand-père. Il est hautain et cruel, avare et porté sur la luxure ; il n'est ni un général, ni un administrateur. Au début de son règne, il favorise les chrétiens. Mais en 602, quand Maurice Ier est assassiné par Phocas (602–610), il commence une guerre contre Byzance sous le prétexte de venger sa mort.

http://bit.ly/1O3JDL5

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Khosrow II (Chosroes II in classical sources; Middle Persian: Husrō(y)), entitled "Aparvēz" ("The Victorious"), also Khusraw Parvēz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز), was the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, reigning from 590 to 628.[1] He was the son of Hormizd IV (reigned 579–590) and the grandson of Khosrow I (reigned 531–579). He was the last king of Persia to have a lengthy reign before the Muslim conquest of Iran, which began five years after his death by execution. He lost his throne, then recovered it with Roman help, and, a decade later, went on to emulate the feats of the Achaemenids, conquering the rich Roman provinces of the Middle East; much of his reign was spent in wars with the Byzantine Empire and struggling against usurpers such as Bahram Chobin and Vistahm.

During the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Khosrow expanded deep into western Asia Minor, eventually besieging the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 626 alongside Avar and Slavic allies. Following the failure of the siege, Heraclius started a counterattack, undoing all territorial gains by Khosrow in the Levant, most of Anatolia, the western Caucasus, and Egypt, eventually marching into the Sassanian capital of Ctesiphon. The Byzantines also regained the True Cross, which Khosrow had captured following his conquest of the Levant during the same 602–628 war.

In works of Persian literature such as the Shahnameh and Khosrow and Shirin, a famous tragic romance by Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209), a highly elaborated fictional version of Khosrow's life made him one of the greatest heroes of the culture, as much as a lover as a king. Khosrow and Shirin tells the story of his love for the Aramean or Roman princess Shirin, who becomes his queen after a lengthy courtship strewn with mishaps and difficulties.

Khosrow was raised to the throne by his two uncles Vistahm and Vinduyih, who were the leaders of a palace coup that deposed, blinded and killed Hormizd IV.[3][4] However, at the same time, the Mihranid spahbed Bahram Chobin, was marching towards the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon, and battle shortly ensued near the city on 28 February, which ended in Khosrow's defeat and his flight to Byzantine territory along with his two uncles.

In order to get the attention of the Byzantine emperor Maurice (r. 582–602), Khosrow II went to Syria, and sent a message to the Sasanian occupied city of Martyropolis to stop their resistance against the Byzantines, but with no avail.[5] He then sent a message to Maurice, and requested his help to regain the Sasanian throne, which the Byzantine emperor agreed with; in return, the Byzantines would re-gain sovereignty over the cities of Amida, Carrhae, Dara and Miyafariqin. Furthermore, Persia was required to cease intervening in the affairs of Iberia and Armenia, effectively ceding control of Lazistan to the Byzantines.

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Reign 590 (first reign)

591 – February 25, 628 (second reign)

Predecessor Hormizd IV (predecessor)

Bahram Chobin (usurper)

Vistahm (rival king)

Successor Kavadh II

Born ca. 570

Ctesiphon

Died February 28, 628

Ctesiphon

Consort Shirin

Issue: Kavadh II

Borandukht

Azarmidokht

Farrukhzad Khosrow V

Mardanshah

Shahriyar

Juvansher

Father Hormizd IV

Mother Vistahm's sister

Religion Zoroastrianism

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(Executed on Kavadh II's order by Mir Hormozd)

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The Muslim conquest of Persia :

The Persian ruler Khosrau II (Parviz) defeated a dangerous rebellion within his own empire, the Bahram Chobin's rebellion. He afterward turned his energies towards his traditional Byzantine enemies, leading to the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628. For a few years, he succeeded gloriously. From 612 to 622, he extended the Persian borders almost to the same extent that they were under the Achaemenid dynasty (550–330 BC), capturing Western states as far as Egypt, Palestine (the conquest of the latter being assisted by a Jewish army), and more.

The Byzantines regrouped and pushed back in 622 under Heraclius. Khosrau was defeated at the Battle of Nineveh in 627, and the Byzantines recaptured all of Syria and penetrated far into the Persian provinces of Mesopotamia. In 629, Khosrau's general Shahrbaraz agreed to peace, and the border between the two empires was once again the same as it was in 602.

Khosrau II was executed in 628 and as a result, there were numerous claimants to the throne; from 628 to 632 there were ten kings and queens of Persia. The last, Yazdegerd III, was a grandson of Khosrau II and was said to be a mere child aged 8 years

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_II_of_Persia

من محمد رسول الله الى كسرى عظيم الفارس . سلام على من اتبع الهدى و آمن بالله و رسوله و شهد ان لااله الا الله وحده لاشريك له و ان محمد عبده و رسوله. ادعوك بدعاء الله، فانى رسول الله الى الناس كافة لانذر من كان حيا و يحق القول على الكافرين. فاسلم تسلم . فان ابيت فان اثم المجوس عليك ." [English translation:] "In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Ever Merciful

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

من محمد رسول الله الى كسرى عظيم الفرس . سلام على من اتبع الهدى و آمن بالله و رسوله و شهد ان لااله الا الله وحده لاشريك له و ان محمد عبده و رسوله. ادعوك بدعاء الله، فانى رسول الله الى الناس كافة لانذر من كان حيا و يحق القول على الكافرين. فاسلم تسلم . فان ابيت فان اثم المجوس عليك .

http://bit.ly/1Y5MJ5Y

جای حکومت ایرانشهر دودمان ساسانیان تاجگذاری دور یکم ۵۹۰ میلادی دور دوم ۵۹۱ میلادی تیسفون لقب اَپرویز (پرویز) پایان حکومت دور یکم ۵۹۰ میلادی دور دوم ۶۲۸ میلادی درگذشت ۲۸ فوریه ۶۲۸ میلادی تیسفون نام پدر هرمز چهارم شاهنشاه پیشین دور یکم هرمز چهارم دور دوم بهرام چوبین ویستهم شاهنشاه پسین دور یکم بهرام چوبین ویستهم دور دوم قباد دوم دین زرتشتی همسران شیرین، مریم دختر موریکیوس،[%DB%B1] گردیه[%DB%B2] فرزندان شیرویه، پوراندخت، آزرمی دخت، شهریار، مردانشاه، جوانشیر دستاورد های مهم رساندن وسعت شاهنشاهی ساسانی به دوره هخامنشی و تصرف فلسطین، مصر و قسمت اعظم ترکیهٔ فعلی و محاصره قسطنطنیه، پیشرفت قابل ذکر هنر و موسیقی در شاهنشاهی ساسانی جنگ ها جنگ با بهرام چوبین، جنگ با روم سردارن سپاه شاهین و شهربراز (شهروراز)