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Summary

The single largest wave of Croatian immigrants to the United States of America (about 400,000) came between 1890 and 1914. However the return migration to what is today Croatia was high. During this period 50% of migrant Croatians and Slovenes returned to their homeland, at least for a while. The earliest Croatian settlements in the United States were on the Gulf of Mexico and in California. In the 1890s Croats began to arrive in New Mexico to work in the coal mines. The largest Croatian mining settlement between 1881 and 1914 was in the copper fields of Upper Michigan. At the turn of the century, Butte, Mont., had a major Croatian colony that included Slovenes and other Slavs involved in mining there. Later some of the Croats in this locality moved into other trades, ranching and restaurant operations. Hundreds from the Lika region settled in the Minnesota Iron Range, in Utah, Wyoming and other western states. After 1880 most of the Croatian immigrants came from the interior regions of Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Many of these settled in the East and Midwest, especially around Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and in the metropolitan Chicago area. By the beginning of World War I, there were also sizable settlements in Ohio, Missouri and Indiana.

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