Tracing the Influence and History of the Ancient Scholarly World of Muslim Philosophers, Mathematicians & Scientists to the present. Please feel free to join, add more profiles and information.

• Prophet Muhammad of Islam PBUH (570 - 632)
  
• Sheikh Professor Abdul Hadi Palazzi, Massimo Palazzi شيخ عبد الهادي بالاتسي‎ (contemporary)
  
• Ibn Khaldun Ibn Jaldún Abu Zaid Abd al Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldun al-Hadrami أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن
  
• Avicenna, Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā, ابوعلی سینا، پورسینا (c980-1037)
  
• Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, ‎ أبو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارز
  

The Islamic Golden Age

Early Islamic Philosophy

Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE). The period is known as the Islamic Golden Age, and the achievements of this period had a crucial influence in the development of modern philosophy and science.

This period starts with al-Kindi in the 9th century and ends with Averroes (Ibn Rushd) at the end of 12th century. The death of Averroes effectively marks the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called the Peripatetic Arabic School, and philosophical activity declined significantly in Western Islamic countries, namely in Islamic Spain and North Africa, though it persisted for much longer in the Eastern countries, in particular Persia and India where several schools of philosophy continued to flourish: Avicennism, Illuminationist philosophy, Mystical philosophy, and Transcendent theosophy.

Some of the significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers included -:

• The development of a strict science of citation, the isnad or "backing"; the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims, the ijtihad, which could be generally applied to many types of questions (although which to apply it to is an ethical question);
  
• The willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process;
  
• Recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality, and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either;
  
• The separation of theology (kalam) and law (shariah) during the early Abbasid period, a precursor to secularism;
  
• The distinction between religion and philosophy, marking the beginning of secular thought; the beginning of a peer review process; early ideas on evolution;
  
• The beginnings of the scientific method, an important contribution to the philosophy of science;
  
• The introduction of temporal modal logic and inductive logic; the beginning of social philosophy, including the formulation of theories on social cohesion and social conflict;
  
• The beginning of the philosophy of history; the development of the philosophical novel and the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa; and distinguishing between essence and existence.
  

Maimonides, and Thomas Aquinas, to name a few, knew of at least some of the Mutazilite work, particularly Avicennism and Averroism, and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek, Jewish, Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century, and taken during the Reconquista in 1492.

No idea and no literary or philosophical movement ever germinated on Persian or Arabian soil without leaving its impress on the Jews, the Persian Al-Ghazali (1005–1111) found an imitator in the person of Judah ha-Levi (1140). This poet also took upon himself to free his religion from what he saw as the shackles of speculative philosophy, and to this end wrote the "Kuzari", in which he sought to discredit all schools of philosophy alike.

Early Islamic philosophy can be divided into clear sets of influences, branches, schools, and fields, as described below.

• • Avicennism
• • Averroism
• • Modern Islamic philosophy
• • Sufi philosophy
• • Transcendent theosophy
• • List of Muslim philosophers
• • Illuminationist philosophy
• • Islamic ethics
• • Islamic metaphysics
• • Sufi metaphysics
• • Sufism

Science

• • Timeline of Islamic science and engineering
• • Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
• • Astronomy in medieval Islam
• • Islamic astrology
• • Inventions in medieval Islam
• • Inventions in the modern Islamic world
• • Islamic sociology
• • Sociology in medieval Islam
• • Mathematics in medieval Islam
• • Medicine in medieval Islam
• • Ophthalmology in medieval Islam
• • Physics in medieval Islam
• • Psychology in medieval Islam

Art

• • Islamic art
• • Islamic calligraphy
• • Islamic pottery
• • Muslim music

Islamic literature

• • Arabic literature
• • Arabic epic literature
• • Islamic poetry
• • Arabic poetry
• • Persian literature

Links to more projects that could be created-:

1. Muslim Scientists
2. Persian Scientists
3. Muslim Mathematicians
4. Muslim Scholars
5. Muslim Astonomers
6. Islamic Astrology
7. Early Islamic Philosophy
8. Islamic Philosophers
9. Iranian Philosophers
10. Islamic Historians
11. Muslim Women Scholars
12. Early Women Islamic Scholars
13. List of Iranian Scientists
14. Timeline of Islamic Science and Technology
15. Islamic Science
16. House of Wisdom
17. Contemporary Iranian Scientists, Scholars, and Engineers
18. Non-Muslim Islamic Scholars
19. Muslim Scholors of Islam
20. Sunni Muslim Scholars
21. Islamic Studies Scholars
22. Islamic Studies
23. Islamic Studies by Author (non-Muslim_or_academic)
24. 500 Most Influential Muslims Yale.edu
25. Islamic Schools and Branches

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