
For naming conventions, see Medieval Kingdoms of Western Europe.
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed for about a millennium in Central Europe, ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a union of territories. Note that even though the name states it as a "Roman" empire, the Holy Roman Empire was populated primarily by Germans.
List of Holy Roman Emperors
Emperors before Otto the Great
Carolingian dynasty
- Charles I 768 – 814 Wikipedia
- Louis I "The Pious 814 – 840 Wikipedia
- Lothair I 817 – 855 Co-ruling with his father and brothers Wikipedia
- Louis II
- Charles II
- Charles III
Guideschi dynasty
- Guy di Spoleto 891 – 892
- Lambert di Spoleto 892 – 898
Carolingian dynasty
- Arnulph of Carinthia 896 – 899
Bosonid dynasty
- Louis III Beronides 901 – 905
Unruoching dynasty
- Berengar 915 – 924
Holy Roman Emperors (Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches)
Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty
- Otto I 962 – 973 Wikipedia
- Otto II 973 – 983 Wikipedia
- Otto III 996 – 1002 Wikipedia
- Henry II 1014 – 1024 Wikipedia
Salian (Frankish) dynasty
Supplinburger dynasty
- Lothair III 1133 – 1137
Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty
- Frederick I 1155 – 1190
- Henry VI 1191 – 1197
Welf dynasty
- Otto IV 1209 – 1215
Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty
- Frederick II 1220 – 1250 Wikipedia
House of Luxembourg
House of Wittelsbach
- Louis IV 1328 – 1347
House of Luxembourg
- Charles IV 1355 – 1378
- Sigismund 1433 – 1437 Wikipedia
House of Habsburg
- Frederick III 1452 – 1493
- Maximilian I 1508 – 1519 (Wikipedia)
- Charles V 1519 – 1556 (Wikipedia)
- Ferdinand I
- Maximilian II
- Rudolf II
- Matthias
- Ferdinand II
- Ferdinand III 1637 – 1657
- Leopold I 1657 – 1705
- Joseph I 1705 – 1711 Wikipedia
- Charles VI Karl VI 1711 – 1740 Wikipedia
House of Wittelsbach
- Charles VII (Karl VII) 1742 – 1745 Wikipedia
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
- Francis I (Franz I) 1745 – 1765 (Wikipedia)
- Joseph II 1765 – 1790 (Wikipedia)
- Leopold II 1790 – 1792 (Wikipedia)
- Francis II (Franz II 1792 – 1806 (Wikipedia)