The Markov surname is common in Slavic countries, especially Russia and Bulgaria. It is a combination of the name Mark and the suffix ov. It is a patronymic surname, which means, "son of Mark."
There are several Russian aristocratic families with this surname that can be traced to the early 17th century. Some Russian nobles in the 15th century had this surname.
There are at least two unrelated Jewish Markov families, one originating near Bila Tserkva, Ukraine in the early 19th century, and the other originating around the same time in the Baltic region of the Russian Empire.