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A mitochondrial DNA test (mtDNA test) traces a person's matrilineal or mother-line ancestry using the DNA in his or her mitochondria. mtDNA is passed down by the female, unchanged, to all her children. Her daughters will pass it onto all of their children, but her sons will not.
Your mtDNA-line is therefore your mother's mother's mother etc; and your mtDNA South African Progenitor is the first woman on that line who arrived in SA.
Project Aim:
To collect all our mtDNA PROGS' profiles, with a list of their Geni user descendants. Below, please add your South African mtDNA PROG & yourself if you can trace her back to her arrival in SA on the Geni tree; or if you know her from genetic testing and she is on the tree.
- Here is a Starter Kit for How To Add Text to a Project -there's a template at the bottom of the page, or you can just add your DNA results to this Discussion & one of us will put them on here for you.
There's a good SA DNA Genealogy FB page here: Using DNA for Genealogy – South Africa. It's not geni affiliated, but has lots of our users on it.
South African mtDNA Progenitors on Geni:
A
*Ariaantje Abrahamse Confirmed Haplogroup H48
[Confirmed by triangulation of Michelle du Plessis' & Dianne Fitz Patrick's genetic tests]
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Altijn "Aletta" Gerritsz Nel
- Michelle Anne du Plessis [confirmed by genetic test]
- Jacomina Aletta van Rooyen, SM
- Dianne Fitz-Patrick [confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
*Lijsbeth Arabus Predicted Haplogroup L3b3
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Isabella Potgieter [confirmed L3b3 by triangulation of: Barbara Nicole Cailliau & Petrus Philippus Potgieter's genetic test results]
- Barbara Nicole Cailliau [confirmed L3b3 by genetic test]
- Aubrey Strydom [confirmed by genetic test L3b3 on FTDNA and L3b on 23andMe]
- Petrus Philippus Potgieter[confirmed L3b3 by genetic test]
Discussions
B
*Johanna Petronella Basson Predicted Haplogroup M66B
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Em Lo [confirmed M66B by genetic test]
Discussions
*Jannetje Bort Predicted Haplogroup M30c1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Jacoba Brandenburg Predicted Haplogroup ?
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Ansu Boyd [no genetic test result yet]
Discussions
*Suzanne Briet Predicted Haplogroup N1a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Louw van Deventer [confirmed by genetic test as N1a]
- Talitha Greyling [confirmed by genetic test as N1a]
Discussions
*Marie Buisset Predicted Haplogroup H4a1a3a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Maria du Plessis[Confirmed H4a1a3a by triangulation of full mitochondrial sequence (FMS) from Dion Andre Doubell and Marie-Therése Armenis.]
- Dion Andre Doubell [confirmed by genetic test as H4a1a3a]
- Marie-Therése Armenis [confirmed by genetic test as H4a1a3a]
Discussions
*Sarah Butler Jobson Predicted Haplogroup H1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Melanie Smith [confirmed by 23andme autosomal DNA test]
Discussions
C
*Jacomina Carteniers Predicted Haplogroup K1a1a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- [Name] [confirmed by triangulation of: & 's genetic tests]
- [Name] [confirmed by genetic test as ][no genetic test result yet]
Discussions
*Sara Cochet Predicted Haplogroup K1a-T195C
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Ellen Elizabeth Keller [confirmed K1a-T195C by triangulation of Corney Keller, Anton Keller & Memory Visser's DNA tests]
- Corney Keller [confirmed K1a-T195C]
- Private [confirmed K1a-T195C]
- Private [confirmed K]
- John Peter Stathoulis [confirmed K]
Discussions
*Marie Couteau Predicted Haplogroup H
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
D
*Cecilia d'Atis Predicted Haplogroup H10e
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Anna van Wyk H10 [confirmed by triangulation of: Glenda Griffin & Valeta Baty's genetic tests]
- Glenda Griffin [confirmed by genetic test as H10]
- Valeta Baty [confirmed by genetic test as H10e]
Discussions
*Marie de Grave Predicted Haplogroup U5a1b1f1 or T2b33
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Lodewyk Christiaan Steyn [confirmed U5a1b1f1 by genetic test]
- Marie-Madeleine Magdalena Pinard T2b33 [confirmed by triangulation of: Carel Johannes Daniel Johannes Fisher & Margaret Magdalena Giesken's genetic tests]
- Carel Johannes Daniel Johannes Fisher [confirmed T2b33 by genetic test]
- Margaret Magdalena Giesken [confirmed T2b33 by genetic test]
- Johann Ahlers [not yet confirmed by genetic tests]
- June Frances Kotzee [no genetic test yet]
Discussions
*Anna Maria de Laar Predicted Haplogroup H1b1-T16362C
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Martha Louisa (Marthie) Strydom (Bredenkamp) [confirmed by genetic test as H1b1-T16362C ]
- Private User [confirmed by genetic test as H1b1-T16362C ]
Discussions
*Jeanne de la Batte Predicted Haplogroup J2a1a1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Sarel du Plessis Confirmed by genetic test as J2a1a1
- Jan Blomerus
Discussions
*Anna Maria Pietersz de Leeuw Predicted Haplogroup H3-A73G!
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Linda van Wyk [confirmed by Full Mitochondrial Sequence][source documents available for paper trail]
Discussions
- Also listed as H1ak1 on FTDNA.com
*Marguerite -Therese de Savoye Predicted Haplogroup U5a1b
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Johanna Hendrina Alida de Beer (Wright) [direct matrilineal descendant, no test to date on Geni]
- Richard Farrell [confirmed by Full Mitochondrial Sequence]
Discussions
*Marie de Villiers Predicted Haplogroup H27e
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Suzanne de Vos Predicted Haplogroup *N1a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Maria Susanna Pretorius (Griesel) [No test to date]
- Jennifer Ann Jackson [No genetic test result yet]
- Maja Blomerus [No test to date]
- Ernest Lodewyk Corrie Pelser [No test to date]
- Petrus Cornelius Pelser [No test to date]
- Linda Smit [No test to date]
- Johannes Pienaar [Confirmed N1a by DNA test]
Discussions
*Maria Domingo Predicted Haplogroup L2a1f
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Riekie Slabbert [confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
E
F
G
*Trijntje Theunisz Gansevanger Predicted Haplogroup H11a-T152C
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- C Barry[confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
*Margaretha Gerrits Predicted Haplogroup T2b3-C151T
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Elizabeth Janetta
- Wilhelm Bosman
- Marion Bosman
- Christiaan Swanepoel [Tested T2b3-C151T]
Discussions
*Marie Grillion Predicted Haplogroup U2e1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- JC Barry (U2e1, by DNA test)
- Zenia Barnard [U2e1, by DNA test]
- Elizabeth Hedwig Marie Coetzee [U2, by DNA test]
Discussions
*Johanna Haester Predicted Haplogroup H5a1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
H
*Catharina Jansz Harmans Predicted Haplogroup V
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Hilda Florence Krogmann [confirmed V by FMS genetic test]
Discussions
*Emma Jane Hawkins Predicted Haplogroup H48
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Patricia McBride Doubell[Confirmed by genetic test as H48]
- Sharon Doubell [no genetic test yet]
Discussions
*Johanne Dorothee Margaretha Huch Predicted Haplogroup T2f1a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Thomas Hambrock [confirmed T2f1a by genetic test]
- Hanne Lemmerer
Discussions
I
J
*Maria Jacobs van Batavia Predicted Haplogroup U2b
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Huibrecht Jasperz Predicted Haplogroup H1c1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Lydia Kruger van der Westhuizen [confirmed by genetic test as H1c1]
Discussions
K
*Maria Kickers Predicted Haplogroup H48
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Ifenasia Kotza (Blauert) Predicted Haplogroup H49a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Agnes Henriette Charlotte Bogalecki (Kotza)
- Margot Charlotte Bogalecki
- Wilfred Alfons Graser
- Hans-Werner Graser
- Wilma Graser
- Herman Georg Graser
- Roland Graser
- Vera Nôchel
- Sylvia Nôchel
- Christiaan Nöchel
- Edelfriede Maria Kurdt (Bogalecki)
- Hilde Agnes van den Berg
- Agnes Edelfriede Buys
- Hilde Agnes Buys tested, no triangulation yet
Discussions
L
*Susana Barbara Lavis Predicted Haplogroup L1c1d
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Sheldon Scott [confirmed by genetic test as L1c1d]
Discussions
*Barbe le Févre Predicted Haplogroup H1a1b
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Private [confirmed by genetic test as H1a1b]
Discussions
*Marie le Fébre Predicted Haplogroup T2b1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Anna Prevot- Confirmed T2b1 by triangulation of full mitochondrial sequence (FMS) from Private User & Alexander Armenis.
- Shirley Norris [confirmed T2b1 by genetic test]
- Alexander Armenis [confirmed T2b1 by genetic test]
- Jenny Dean [confirmed T2b1 by genetic test]
- Isabeau Prevot
- Private[confirmed T2b1 by genetic test]
Discussions
M
*Johanna Maartens Predicted Haplogroup H1at1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Anneline Du Preez (Buys) [confirmed by genetic test as H1at1 ]
Discussions
*Isabeau Mallan Predicted Haplogroup U2c1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
*Francoise Martinet Predicted Haplogroup U5b2b3a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Sara Fourie [confirmed by triangulation of: C June Barnes, Christiaan Frederik Beyers Herbst's & Tess Widdows genetic tests]
- C June Barnes [Confirmed by genetic test as U5b]
- Christiaan Frederik Beyers Herbst [Confirmed by genetic test as U5b2b3a]
- Daan Botes [No genetic test done yet]
- Tess Widdows [Confirmed by genetic test as U5b2b3a]
Discussions
*Maria Matyssen Predicted Haplogroup U5b1c2b
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Private User (confirmed by full MtDNA Test)
Discussions
*Catharina 'Caatje Hottentotin' Mauritz Predicted Haplogroup: L0d
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Conrad Jan van der Merwe [confirmed by genetic test as L0d]
Discussions
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567273/
*Marie Mouy Predicted Haplogroup T2
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Catharina Mauritz Predicted Haplogroup L0d
Proven Descendants with valid sources
N
*Anna Jacoba Norden Predicted Haplogroup T1a1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Marietjie Kotze [confirmed by full MtDNA Test]
- Louisa Sophia Smuts Visser Du Plessis[No genetic test result yet]
Discussions
O
P
*Christina (Christijn) Pietersz van de Caep Predicted Haplogroup L2c
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- *Lorraine Petzer [confirmed by genetic test as L2c]
Discussions
Q
R
*Sophia Radergoertgens/Raderotjes Predicted Haplogroup J1c2c1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Elmien Ballot [confirmed J1c2c1 by genetic test]
Discussions
*Anne Retief Predicted Haplogroup U5a1d2a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Vivienne Court [confirmed by genetic test full mtDNA U5a1d2a]
- Johannes Fourie [confirmed by genetic test U5a1d2a]
- Alfred Jansen van Rensburg [confirmed by genetic test U5a1d2a]
Discussions
*Isabeau Richarde mtDNA T2b4 from 3 different proven descendants
- "Discussions"
*Lysbeth Roda Predicted Haplogroup T2b3-C151T
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Danie Malan [confirmed by genetic test full mtDNA T2b3-C151T]
Discussions
S
*Hendrina Smit Predicted Haplogroup L7a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Danielle le Marais [Confirmed by genetic test as L7a]
Discussions
*Elizabeth Catharina Helena Schoeman Predicted Haplogroup H27
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Gideon Botha[confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
*Anne Souchay Predicted Haplogroup U4c1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Lisette Cousins [confirmed U4 by genetic test]
- Alice Sophia Mann, b3c6d11e1f6 Tested U4 via Cape Dutch Project
- Maria Gertruida du Toit Tested U4 via Cape Dutch Project
- Petrus Johannes Cillié Burger [confirmed U4c1 by genetic test]
Discussions
*Anna Maria Swart Predicted Haplogroup H3b1b1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Annemarie Dreyer [confirmed as H3b1b1 by genetic test]
Discussions
T
*Catherine Tabourdeaux Predicted Haplogroup U2e1a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Marie Vermeulen-Boshoff [No genetic test result yet]
- Astra Verdun Olivier Zittlau [confirmed as U2e1a by genetic test]
Discussions
*Cornelia Theunisse Predicted Haplogroup ?
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Nerine Ahlers (Le Roux) [No genetic test result yet]
Discussions
U
V
*Maaij Claesje van Angola Predicted Haplogroup L4b2b
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Private User [confirmed L4b2b by genetic test]
Discussions
*Anna Groothenning van Bengale Predicted Haplogroup M49c1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Christo Janse van Rensburg [Confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
*Catharina 'Opklim' van Bengale Predicted Haplogroup M33a3
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Alison Hall [confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
*Maria Jacobs van Batavia De Veij Predicted Haplogroup U2b
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- *Joseph Philippus Greyling [confirmed by genetic test as U2b]
Discussions
*Constantia van Bengale Predicted Haplogroup ?
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Rebekka van Bengal Predicted Haplogroup R30a1a
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Divon Mordechai Lan [confirmed R30a1a by genetic test]
Discussions
*Ansela van de Caap Predicted Haplogroup L0a1b2 =
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Anna van der Swaan [confirmed by triangulation of: Petrie Coetzee & Joan Podesta Austen's genetic tests]
- Petrie Coetzee [confirmed L0a1b2 by genetic test]
- Loulette Laubscher
- Private [confirmed L0a1b by genetic test]
- Sterna Roux Schreuder
Discussions
*Barbara van de Caap Predicted Haplogroup L0d
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Private User [confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
*Catharina van de Caap Predicted Haplogroup N21
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Maria Catharina Grobler Fitzgerald [Confirmed N21 by convergence of: Charlette Hoppe & Glynis Van der Watt's genetic test results]
- Charlette Hoppe [confirmed N21-T195C! by genetic test]
- Glynis Van der Watt [confirmed N21 by genetic test]
- Rebekka Meyer [confirmed N21 by genetic test]
Discussions
*Catharina van de Caap Predicted Haplogroup L0d
mtDNA Descendants on Geni
Discussions
*Christina van de Caab Predicted Haplogroup R5a2
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Werner John Carstens [confirmed R5a2 by mtFull Sequence test] GEDmatch Kit number: T610740
Discussions
*Johanna Rosina van de Caap Predicted Haplogroup U2
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Private [confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
*Adriana Jacoba van den Burg, Predicted Haplogroup R5a2b2
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Engeltje Cornelisz van der Bout Confirmed Haplogroup U5a1c1a=
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Anna Maria Koopman [confirmed U5a1c1a]
- by triangulation of Johannes Jacobus Nel, Marli Corrie née Nielsen, Martin Hardy Ellis and Piet Retief Venter's mtDNA results specifically:
- Anna Maria Jacoba Pelser [confirmed U5a1c1a by triangulation of Marli Corrie née Nielsen & Piet Retief Venter's mtDNA results]
- Anna Jacoba Kruger [confirmed U5a1c1a by triangulation of Martin Hardy Ellis and Marli Corrie née Nielsen's mtDNA results]
- by triangulation of Johannes Jacobus Nel, Marli Corrie née Nielsen, Martin Hardy Ellis and Piet Retief Venter's mtDNA results specifically:
- Catharina Koopman [confirmed U5a1c1a]
- by triangulation of Christelle Horne & Gerhardus "Gerrie" Cornelius Hendrik Viljoen's mtDNA results]
- Profiles with DNA data on Geni.com:
- Johannes Jacobus Nel [FTDNA: mt Full Sequence: U5a1c1a]
- Marli Corrie née Nielsen [FTDNA: mt Full Sequence: U5a1c1a]
- Private [FTDNA: mt Full Sequence: U5a1c1a]
- Christelle Horne [FTDNA: mt Full Sequence: U5a1c1a]
- Profiles with DNA data not on Geni.com:
- Piet Retief Venter [confirmed U5a1c1]
- Profiles with DNA to be determined:
- Magda Pretorius [descendant Anna Maria Koopman]
- Jacques Steyn [descendant Catharina Koopman, SM]
- Stephany Cilliers Erasmus [descendant Anna Jacoba Scholtz]
- Marlene Pretorius [descendant Anna Maria Jacoba Pelser, SM]
Discussions
*Koddo van Guinea Predicted Haplogroup ?
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Christina VAN LOVEREN Predicted Haplogroup H1b1-T16362C
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
Discussions
*Catharina van Malabar Confirmed Haplogroup U2c1 [Confirmed U2c1 by triangulation of Fanie van Heerden, Reginald Horne and Shirley Bihl Paladin's genetic test results]
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Arriantjie Gabrielsz Van Cathrijn [U2c1]
- Fanie van Heerden [confirmed by genetic test as U2c1]
- Hanri Conradie [confirmed by genetic test as U2c1]
- Beth Hawkins [confirmed by genetic test as U2c1]
- Cecilia Strauss [confirmed by genetic test as U2c1]
- Maria Cornelisz [U2c1]
- Reginald Horne [confirmed by genetic test as U2c1]
- Catharina Cornelisz [U2c1]
- Shirley Bihl Paladin [confirmed by genetic test as U2c1]
Discussions
*Krotoa 'Eva' van Meerhof Predicted Haplogroup ?
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Koos le Roux [No genetic test result yet]
- Timothy Riordan Stones
- Annette Stones (Fourie)
- Christine Gericke (Fourie)
- Liz Uys
Discussions
*Maria van Negapatnam Predicted Haplogroup K1a4i
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Lucia Lamprecht(Lemmer) [confirmed K1a4i by genetic test]
Discussions
*Regina van Rapenberg van Guinea Predicted Haplogroup L0a1b2a =
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Lijsbeth Jansz van de Caap, SM [confirmed L0a1b2a by triangulation of Stephanie Barnardt and Nicolaas Frans Janse van Rensburg's genetic tests]
- Private User [confirmed L0a1b2a by genetic test]
- Private [confirmed L0a1b2a by genetic test]
Discussions
*Hester Johanna van Reenen Predicted Haplogroup U5a1b
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Johannes Hendrik Snyman [confirmed by genetic test as U5a1b]
Discussions
*Elizabeth Johanna Olivier Lubbe Predicted Haplogroup L3b3
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Aubrey Strydom Aubrey Strydom] [confirmed by genetic test]
Discussions
*Inabe van Timor Predicted Haplogroup N
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Hester Caroline (Kritzinger) Bedeker [No genetic test result yet]
- Private User [No genetic test result yet]
- Claudia Elizabeth Tennant [No genetic test result yet]
Discussions
W
*Geertruij Willemsz Confirmed Haplogroup H1ak1 [Confirmed by triangulation of Drummond Corrie, Emmerentia Frederika Landman, Gabriel Gert Venter and Jaco Strauss' genetic test results]
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Cornelia Helm [H1ak1]
- Gabriel Gert Venter [confirmed H1ak1 by Full Mitochondrial Sequence]
- Pamela Perry [confirmed H1ak1 by genetic testing]
- Christiaan Frederik Wessels [confirmed H1ak1 by genetic testing]
- Dirkje Helm [H1ak1]
- Emmerentia Frederika Landman [confirmed H1ak1 by Full Mitochondrial Sequence]
- Geertruijdt Helm [H1ak1]
- Anna Margaretha Siek [H1ak1]
- Maria Regina Otto [H1ak1]
- Walter Joseph Jones [confirmed H1ak1 by Full Mitochondrial Sequence]
- Johanna Christina Otto [H1ak1]
- Carine Bezuidenhout (de Cerk) [confirmed H1ak1 by Full Mitochondrial Sequence]
- Maria Regina Otto [H1ak1]
- Anna Margaretha Siek [H1ak1]
- Maria Helm [H] [H1ak1]
- Susanna Marschalk [H]
- Leslee Carole Flook Sharp [confirmed H]
- Christelle van der Merwe [confirmed H1ak1 by genetic test]
- Maria Christina de Nys [H1ak1]
- Johanna Pietersz van Nimwegen [H1ak1]
- Drummond Corrie [confirmed H1ak1 by Full Mitochondrial Sequence]
- Jacobus Heinrich Strauss [Confirmed H1ak1 by Full Mitochondrial Sequence]
- Johanna Pietersz van Nimwegen [H1ak1]
- Susanna Marschalk [H]
Discussions
*Maria Willemse Confirmed Haplogroup H1a1
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- Angela Kitching [H1a1]
- Kitty Naude [H1a1]
- Petrus Smit [H1a1]
XYZ
Template:
*[Name] Predicted Haplogroup ?
mtDNA Descendants on Geni:
- [Name] [confirmed by triangulation of: & 's genetic tests]
- [Name] [confirmed by genetic test as ][no genetic test result yet]
Discussions
wikipedia public domain
All About mtDNA in Genetic Genealogy by Roland Henry Baker, III
- Where did mtDNA come from?
- Why do only women pass mtDNA on to their kids?
- How are mutations used to distinguish mtDNA haplogroups?
But that relies on the assumption that the Geni tree is accurate, doesn’t it?
What about improving the certainty by testing another matrilineal (motherline) descendant?
- So, if two matrilineal descendants on our Geni tree test with the same mtDNA – is that conclusive proof of their female progenitor’s mtDNA haplogroup?
- How do you use autosomal dna to dis/prove their genealogy? I thought that could only be matched to 4 generations?
General DNA Discussions
- Post a question about genetic genealogy here
- Post a question about DNA testing here
- Post a question about mtDNA projects here
Resources
- The Cape Dutch Y-DNA Stamvader Project - mtDNA Test Results for Members
- http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA_tests
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test
- http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/mtdna
- http://www.genebase.com/learning/article/17
- Geni Blog, DNA Testing for Genealogy – Getting Started, Part One (July 18, 2012)
- Geni Blog, DNA Testing for Genealogy – Getting Started, Part Two (July 25, 2012)
- Geni Blog, DNA Testing for Genealogy – Getting Started, Part Three (August 1, 2012)
- Geni Blog, DNA Testing for Genealogy – Getting Started, Part Four (August 8, 2012)
- Brian Sykes, The Seven Daughters of Eve (2002)
- Wikipedia, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
- Wikipedia, Mitochondrial Eve
- https://camissapeople.wordpress.com/2017/04/20/the-wicked-myth-blac...